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GIR Test 1 > B5-070 Renal Embryology > Flashcards

B5-070 Renal Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

the kidneys and gonads develop from

A

intermediate mesoderm

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2
Q

“non functional” kidney in mammals that forms in the 3 week and is gone by week 4

A

pronephros

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3
Q

the kidney develops from the […] ridge

A

urogenital

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4
Q
  • about 90% of kidney cancers in children are
  • most common primary renal tumor affecting children
A

Wilms’ tumors

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5
Q

caused by a mutation in the WT-1 gene

tumor supressor genes found on chr 11

A

Wilm’s Tumor

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6
Q
  • child age 3-4
  • blood in urine
  • unilateral, painless abdominal mass
A

Wilm’s tumor

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7
Q
  • painless palpable mass
  • loss of apetite
  • blood in urine
  • child 3-4 years
A

Wilm’s tumor

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8
Q

is a Wilm’s tumor typically biopsied?

A

no

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9
Q

5 year survival of Wilms’ tumor

A

90%

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10
Q

permits symmetrical external growth of the embryo

A

amniotic fluid

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11
Q

by 20 weeks, most amniotic fluid comes from

A

fetal urine

kidney issues may be more noticeable after 20 weeks

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12
Q

polyhydramnios typically occurs after […] week of pregnancy

A

24th

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13
Q

associated with
* GI abnormalities: esophageal atresia, duodenal atresia, TEF
* anencephaly
* maternal diabetes mellitus

A

polyhydramnios

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14
Q

polyhydramnios can be associated with trisomies

A

21 and 18

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15
Q

treatments for polyhydramnios

2

A
  • indomethacin
  • amnio reduction
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16
Q

rises from pelvis to posterior abdominal wall while gonads drop

A

metanephric kidney

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17
Q
  • associated with unilateral defects in reproductive organs, may have lack of repro organs on one side
  • typically unknown to individual affected, unless diagnosed by fetal US
A

unilateral kidney agenesis

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18
Q
  • associated with oligohydramnios
  • kidney malformation incompatible with life
A

bilateral renal agenesis

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19
Q

more than two kidneys is called

A

redundant kidney

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20
Q
  • kidney rotates as it ascends
  • typically unilateral
  • increases chances of hydronephrosis
A

rotational kidney

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21
Q

POTTER sequence

A

Pulmonary hypoplasia
Oligohydramnios
Twisted face
Twisted skin
Extremity defect
Renal agenesis

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22
Q

newborns will Potter sequence typically die to

A

respiratory failure

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23
Q

thought to be due to fushion of right and left metanephric kidneys in the midline while in pelvis

A

horseshoe kidney

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24
Q

rise of horseshoe kidney is limited by the [vessel]

A

inferior mesenteric artery

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25
Q

ascent prevented by IMA

A

horseshoe kidney

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26
Q
  • associated with Turner syndrome
  • carries an increased risk of developing Wilms’ tumor
A

horseshoe kidney

27
Q

often asymptomatic but may cause hindgut ischemia and frequent UTIs

A

horseshoe kidney

28
Q

why does 50-60% of the population have supernumery renal arteries?

A

kidneys induce growth of new renal arteries during ascent

29
Q

most common renal abnormality, occuring in 1% of population

A

duplicated ureters

30
Q

found in 8% of children diagnosed with UTIs

A

duplicated ureter

31
Q

found in 8% of children diagnosed with UTIs

A

duplicated ureter

32
Q

ureteric bud splits or arises twice causing a common (70%) or complete (30%) split

A

duplicated ureters

33
Q

more common in Caucasian females

A

duplicated ureters

34
Q

[…] splits between the bladder and kidney

A

bifid ureter

35
Q

three typical sites for kidney stones to lodge

A
  1. junction of renal pelvis in ureter
  2. as ureters cross iliac blood vessel at pelvic brim
  3. junction of ureter with bladder wall
36
Q

where do kidney stone pains refer to in females?

A

caudally into labia majora

37
Q

where des kidney stone pain refer to in males?

A

caudally into scrotum

38
Q

remnant of urachus

A

median umbilical ligament

39
Q

cause leaking of urine and periumbilical inflammation

A

urachal fistula

40
Q

presents as moisture around umbilicus

A

urachal sinus

41
Q

usually seals off and obliterates around months 4-5 leaving the median umbilical ligament

A

urachus

42
Q
  • drains urine from umbilicus from birth
  • periumbilical inflammation/moisture
A

urachal fistula

43
Q

can be asymptomatic but may present with umbilical infections with abdominal pain and periumbilical moisture

A

urachal sinus

44
Q
  • present with infection around 2-4 y.o.
  • suprapubic pain, blood in urine, fever
A

urachal cysts

45
Q

urachal diverticulum are usually

signs/symptoms

A

asymptomatic

46
Q
  • abnormality of formation of the anterior bladder wall and the bony pelvis
  • elevated AFP levels
A

bladder exstrophy

47
Q

causes abnormal development of external genitalia in both boys and girls

A

bladder exstrophy

48
Q

treatment of bladder exstrophy

A

multiple surgeries
* bladder closure
* closure of anterior abdominal wall
* pelvic osteotomy
* epispadias repair
* bladder neck reconstruction

49
Q

most serious form of bladder exstrophy in which pelvic bones, rectum, anus, bladder, and genitals did not fully separate as fetus developed

A

cloacal exstrophy

50
Q

OEIS complex

A

Omphalocele
Exstrophy of bladder or rectum
Imperforate anus
Spinal defects

51
Q

OEIS is associated with what defect?

A

cloacal exstrophy

52
Q

glycoprotein produced by yolk sac, allantois, and liver during fetal development

A

AFP

53
Q

conditions in which AFP will be elevated

A

omphalocele
gastroschisis
HCC
neural tube defects
nonseminomatous germ cell tumors
yolk sac tumore
exstrophy of bladder/cloaca

54
Q

AFP levels are typically screening during what trimester of pregnancy?

A

2nd

55
Q

is the adrenal cortex or medulla derived from neural crest cells?

A

medulla

56
Q

zona glomerulosa produces

A

aldosterone

57
Q

zona fasciculata produces

A

DHEA
cortisol (after second trimester)

58
Q

zona reticularis produces

A

adrenal androgen (DHEA) at 6-8 y.o.

59
Q

which zone of the adrenal cortex does not develop until 6-8 years of age?

A

zone reticularis

60
Q

fetal cortisol is thought to be essential for differentiation of […] into […]

A

neural crest cells
chromaffin cells

61
Q

produce epinephrine in response to sympathetic nerve stimulation

A

chromaffin cells

62
Q

disorder of defective steroidgenesis due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency

A

congenital adrenal hyperplasia

63
Q

adrenal glands produce too little cortisol/aldosterone and too much androgen

A

CAH

64
Q

has a universal newborn screening

A

CAH

GIR Test 1 (16 decks)

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