B4 Flashcards
What is blood made out of?
The main components of blood are: plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.
What is the function of plasma?
Plasma is a yellow liquid that carries around the other parts of the blood such as: urea, amino acids, glucose, blood cells, hormones, fatty acids, glycerol and mineral ions.
What is the function of red blood cells?
Red blood cells contain haemoglobin that binds with oxygen to carry it around the body.
What is the function of white blood cells?
White blood cells produce antitoxins and antibodies. They also do phagocytosis in which they engulf antigens.
What is the function of platelets?
Platelets clot blood to make it stop bleeding.
Why is the heart called a double circulatory system?
There is one full closed loop for the pulmonary system and another full closed loop for the rest of the body.
How does blood travel through the heart?
The blood comes in through the vena cava to the right atrium, then it goes to the right ventricle. The blood then goes through the pulmonary artery to be oxygenated and then through the pulmonary vein to come into the left atrium and then the left ventricle and finally to the rest of the body through the aorta.
What are the coronary arteries?
The coronary arteries are blood vessels that branch of the aorta to supply heart muscle with glucose and oxygen.
What is the pacemaker?
The pacemaker is a group of cells in the right atrium that control the heart’s resting rate.
What are stents ?
Stents are tubes that can be fitted into narrowed arteries to increase blood flow.
What happens if a heart valve is damaged?
A damaged heart valve will not open properly or leak. Faulty valves can be replaced by mechanical or biological valves.
What are statins?
Statins are drugs that reduce the production of cholesterol in the liver and thins the blood.
What is irregular heart beat?
Irregular heart beat is when your heart beat is either too slow of too fast.
What ate the three types of blood vessels?
Arteries, veins and the capillaries
Where do arteries carry blood?
Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
Where do veins carry blood?
Veins carry blood towards the heart.
Where do capillaries carry blood?
Capillaries carry blood near cells to allow exchange of substances.
What structures are inside the lungs?
Inside the lungs are: the trachea, the bronchi, the bronchioles and alveoli.
What adaptations allow the lungs to be very efficient at gas exchange?
Lots of alveoli for a large surface area, thin walls for short diffusion distance and a good blood supply to maintain a concentration gradient.
What happens in our lungs when we breathe?
When you breathe in, the air travels down the trachea, through the bronchi and bronchioles and into the alveoli where gas exchange takes place. Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood in the capillaries and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood into the alveoli so it can be breathed out
In plants what are the organs that help transport substances?
The leaves, stems and roots are part of this organ system.
What are the different parts of a leaf cell?
A leaf cell consists of the lower and upper epidermis, palisade and spongy mesophyll tissue, xylem and phloem.
What is the function of the upper epidermis?
The upper epidermis tissue covers the surface of the plant and enables a waxy cuticle to be produced on the plant.
What is the function of the lower epidermis?
The lower epidermis has pores called stomata that allow for gas exchange to occur.
What is the function of guard cells?
The guard cells are cell specialised to open and close the stomata to allow gas in or not.
What is the function of the palisade mesophyll?
The palisade mesophyll has lots of palisade cells. Palisade cells have lots of chloroplast to allow for lots of photosynthesis.
What is the function of the spongy mesophyll?
The spongy mesophyll has lots of air spaces to allow for more efficient gas exchange.
What is translocation?
Translocation is the movement of dissolved food (glucose, amino acids) from the leaves to the other parts of the plant through the phloem.
What does the xylem transport?
The xylem transports water and minerals up from the root to the rest of the plant, it is adapted to doing this as it has walls strengthened with lignin.
What is transpiration?
Transpiration is the loss of water from plants (usually via the stomata) due to evaporation.
What factors affect the rate of transpiration?
The factors that affect the rate of transpiration are: light intensity, airflow, humidity and temperature.
How does light intensity affect transpiration?
The higher the light intensity the more photosynthesis a plant can undergo the more water they need so more water is brought up increasing transpiration rate.
How does airflow affect transpiration?
The airflow will blow the water molecules away from the plant maintaining a constant concentration gradient for faster diffusion.
How does humidity affect transpiration?
If the air around the plant is humid then the rate of transpiration will be lower because of a lower concentration gradient.
What is a potometer?
A potometer is a device that measures the rate of water uptake in a plant.
