B3 Flashcards
What are cells?
Cells are the building blocks of all living things.
What are tissues?
Tissues are groups of similar cells working together to perform specific functions.
What are organs?
Organs are groups of different tissues working together to perform specific functions.
What are organ systems?
Organ systems are groups of different organs working together to perform specific functions. Organ systems work together to form an organism.
Give two examples of simple sugars
Glucose, fructose
What is starch made of?
Starch is a long chain of simple sugars.
What are proteins made of?
Proteins are long chains of amino acids.
What are lipids made of?
Lipids are made up of fatty acids and glycerol.
How do you test for starch?
The iodine test - if a substance contains starch the iodine will turn blue/black from yellow.
How do you test for sugar?
Benedict’s test - if a substance contains sugar it will turn brick red from blue.
How do you test for protein?
Biuret test - if a substance contains proteins it will turn purple from blue.
What organs are in the digestive system?
The digestive systems consists of: the mouth, the oesophagus, the stomach, the gallbladder, the pancreas, the small intestine and the large intestine.
What is the function of the mouth?
The mouth contains amylase and also breaks food apart to increase the surface area.
What is the function of the oesophagus?
The oesophagus connects the mouth and the stomach.
What is the function of the stomach?
The stomach contains protease and hydrochloric acid to kill any harmful bacteria.
What is the function of the gallbladder?
The gallbladder stores bile which is released into the small intestine to emulsify lipids. It also contains lipase.
What is the function of the small intestine?
The small intestine contains protease, lipase and amylase. In the small intestine nutrients are diffused into the blood.
What is the function of the large intestines?
In the large intestines water moves into the blood via osmosis.
What is an enzyme?
Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts, speeding up the rate of chemical reactions involved in metabolism.
What is metabolism?
Metabolism is the sum of all the reactions in the body.
What is the lock and key model of enzyme action?
The lock and key model is a theory that every enzyme has an active site that binds to a specific substrate e.g amylase only binds to starch because it’s active site is specific to starch.
What factors affect the rate of an enzyme controlled reaction?
The factors that affect the rate of enzyme reactions are temperature and PH
What happens to an enzyme if the temperature gets too high?
If the temperature gets too high an enzyme will denature and not bind to it’s specific substrate.
What happens to an enzyme in extreme PH levels?
In extreme PH levels an enzyme will denature and not be able to bind to it’s specific substrate.
What are the best conditions for an enzyme?
Each enzyme has it’s own optimum temperature and PH.
What do enzymes do?
Enzymes break down large food particles into smaller food particles that can be absorbed into the blood.
What does carbohydrase catalyse?
Carbohydrase catalyses the breaking down carbohydrates into simple sugars.
What does amylase catalyse?
Amylase catalyses the breaking down of starch into glucose.
What does protease catalyse?
Protease catalyses the breaking down of proteins to form amino acids.
What does lipase catalyse?
Lipase catalyses the breaking down of lipids to form fatty acids and gllycerol.
What does bile do?
it emulsifies (breaks down) lipids and neutralises stomach acid.
Where is bile produced and stored?
Bile is produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder.
