B3.2 - Transport Systems In Plants And Animals

Question 1

What is the function of the heart?

Answer 1

Pumping blood around the body.

Question 2

What is the wall of the heart made from?

Answer 2

Muscle tissue.

Question 3

What are the four main chambers of the heart?

Answer 3

Left and right atria, and left and right ventricles.

Question 4

What does each part of the double circulatory system do?

Answer 4

1. The first part takes deoxygenated blood to the lungs and then back to the heart.
2. The second part takes oxygenated blood all over the body and then back to the heart.

Question 5

How does blood move in and out of the heart? (3)

Answer 5

1. The blood enters the atria through veins.
2. The atria contract to force the blood into the ventricles.
3. The ventricles contract and force blood out of the heart through arteries.

Question 6

What is the purpose of valves?

Answer 6

To ensure that blood flows in the right direction.

Question 7

Which blood vessels carry blood to the heart?

Answer 7

Veins.

Question 8

Which blood vessels carry blood away from the heart?

Answer 8

Arteries.

Question 9

What are the features of arteries? (4)

Answer 9

1. Strong, thick and elastic walls.
2. Contain thick layers of muscle.
3. Contain elastic fibres.
4. Carry blood at high pressure.

Question 10

What are the features of capillaries? (3)

Answer 10

1. Thin walls (only one cell thick).
2. Very small lumen.
3. Permeable.

Question 11

What is the function of capillaries?

Answer 11

To supply food and oxygen to body cells, and remove carbon dioxide.

Question 12

What are the features of veins? (5)

Answer 12

1. Contain elastic fibres.
2. Contain smooth muscle.
3. A large lumen.
4. Carry blood at low pressure.
5. Valves.

Question 13

Which vein carries blood into the LEFT atrium?

Answer 13

Pulmonary vein.

Question 14

Which vein carries blood into the RIGHT atrium?

Answer 14

Vena cava.

Question 15

Which artery carries blood out of the LEFT ventricle?

Answer 15

Aorta.

Question 16

Which artery carries blood out of the RIGHT ventricle?

Answer 16

Pulmonary artery.

Question 17

What are stents and why are they used?

Answer 17

Stents are tubes that are inserted into arteries in order to keep them open, which prevents coronary heart disease.

Question 18

What is coronary heart disease?

Answer 18

When the arteries that supply blood to the muscles become blocked by fatty deposits.

Question 19

What are the problems with stents? (2)

Answer 19

1. Stents can irritate the artery, causing scar tissue to grow.
2. The patient must take drugs to stop blood from clotting on the stent.

Question 20

What can saline (a salt solution) be used for?

Answer 20

A blood substitute after an accident.

Question 21

When do people need a blood transfusion?

Answer 21

If they are not producing enough red blood cells after an accident.

Question 22

How can blood transfusions be dangerous?

Answer 22

If air bubbles get into the blood.

Question 23

What are artificial hearts?

Answer 23

Mechanical devices that are put into people in order to pump blood around their body if their own heart fails.

Question 24

What are the advantages of artificial hearts? (2)

Answer 24

1. They are not rejected by the body’s immune system.

2. There is no need for a donor heart.

Question 25

What are the disadvantages of artificial hearts? (4)

Answer 25

1. Surgery to fit the heart can lead to bleeding and infection. 2. Parts of the heart (e.g. the motor) can wear out or fail over time. 3. Blood doesn't flow through them as smoothly. 4. The drugs taken to thin the blood can cause bleeding in an accident.

Question 26

What is the advantage and disadvantage of mechanical valves?

Answer 26

Advantage: Not a major procedure to insert them. Disadvantage: free can still be problems with blood clotting.

Question 27

What substances are in the blood? (4)

Answer 27

1. Red blood cells. 2. White blood cells. 3. Platelets. 4. Plasma.

Question 28

What is the function of red blood cells?

Answer 28

To carry oxygen from the lungs to the body.

Question 29

What does oxygen bind with in the lungs and what does this form?

Answer 29

Haemoglobin, to form oxyhaemoglobin.

Question 30

What happens to oxyhaemoglobin in body tissues?

Answer 30

It splits up into haemoglobin and oxygen in order to release oxygen to the cells.

Question 31

How do white blood cells defend against disease? (2)

Answer 31

1. They change shape to engulf microorganisms. | 2. They produce antibodies to fight microorganisms/antitoxins to neutralise dangerous toxins.

Question 32

What are platelets?

Answer 32

Small fragments of cells.

Question 33

What is the function of platelets?

Answer 33

To clot at a wound.

Question 34

What can a lack of platelets lead to?

Answer 34

Excessive bleeding and bruising.

Question 35

Where does plasma transport carbon dioxide to and from?

Answer 35

To the lungs from the organs.

Question 36

Where does plasma transport urea to and from?

Answer 36

To the kidneys from the liver.

Question 37

Where does plasma transport soluble products from digestion to and from?

Answer 37

To the body cells from the small intestine.

Question 38

What is the transpiration stream?

Answer 38

The movement of water from the roots through the xylem.

Question 39

Where does the xylem transport water and mineral ions to and from?

Answer 39

To the stem and leaves from the roots.

Question 40

What does the phloem carry, and where to?

Answer 40

Dissolved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant e.g. growing regions and the storage organs.

Question 41

What does the circulatory system do?

Answer 41

Transport substances around the body.