B3.2 - Transport Systems In Plants And Animals Flashcards
What is the function of the heart?
Pumping blood around the body.
What is the wall of the heart made from?
Muscle tissue.
What are the four main chambers of the heart?
Left and right atria, and left and right ventricles.
What does each part of the double circulatory system do?
- The first part takes deoxygenated blood to the lungs and then back to the heart.
- The second part takes oxygenated blood all over the body and then back to the heart.
How does blood move in and out of the heart? (3)
- The blood enters the atria through veins.
- The atria contract to force the blood into the ventricles.
- The ventricles contract and force blood out of the heart through arteries.
What is the purpose of valves?
To ensure that blood flows in the right direction.
Which blood vessels carry blood to the heart?
Veins.
Which blood vessels carry blood away from the heart?
Arteries.
What are the features of arteries? (4)
- Strong, thick and elastic walls.
- Contain thick layers of muscle.
- Contain elastic fibres.
- Carry blood at high pressure.
What are the features of capillaries? (3)
- Thin walls (only one cell thick).
- Very small lumen.
- Permeable.
What is the function of capillaries?
To supply food and oxygen to body cells, and remove carbon dioxide.
What are the features of veins? (5)
- Contain elastic fibres.
- Contain smooth muscle.
- A large lumen.
- Carry blood at low pressure.
- Valves.
Which vein carries blood into the LEFT atrium?
Pulmonary vein.
Which vein carries blood into the RIGHT atrium?
Vena cava.
Which artery carries blood out of the LEFT ventricle?
Aorta.
Which artery carries blood out of the RIGHT ventricle?
Pulmonary artery.
What are stents and why are they used?
Stents are tubes that are inserted into arteries in order to keep them open, which prevents coronary heart disease.
What is coronary heart disease?
When the arteries that supply blood to the muscles become blocked by fatty deposits.
What are the problems with stents? (2)
- Stents can irritate the artery, causing scar tissue to grow.
- The patient must take drugs to stop blood from clotting on the stent.
What can saline (a salt solution) be used for?
A blood substitute after an accident.
When do people need a blood transfusion?
If they are not producing enough red blood cells after an accident.
How can blood transfusions be dangerous?
If air bubbles get into the blood.
What are artificial hearts?
Mechanical devices that are put into people in order to pump blood around their body if their own heart fails.
What are the advantages of artificial hearts? (2)
- They are not rejected by the body’s immune system.
2. There is no need for a donor heart.
What are the disadvantages of artificial hearts? (4)
- Surgery to fit the heart can lead to bleeding and infection.
- Parts of the heart (e.g. the motor) can wear out or fail over time.
- Blood doesn’t flow through them as smoothly.
- The drugs taken to thin the blood can cause bleeding in an accident.
What is the advantage and disadvantage of mechanical valves?
Advantage: Not a major procedure to insert them.
Disadvantage: free can still be problems with blood clotting.
What substances are in the blood? (4)
- Red blood cells.
- White blood cells.
- Platelets.
- Plasma.
What is the function of red blood cells?
To carry oxygen from the lungs to the body.
What does oxygen bind with in the lungs and what does this form?
Haemoglobin, to form oxyhaemoglobin.
What happens to oxyhaemoglobin in body tissues?
It splits up into haemoglobin and oxygen in order to release oxygen to the cells.
How do white blood cells defend against disease? (2)
- They change shape to engulf microorganisms.
2. They produce antibodies to fight microorganisms/antitoxins to neutralise dangerous toxins.
What are platelets?
Small fragments of cells.
What is the function of platelets?
To clot at a wound.
What can a lack of platelets lead to?
Excessive bleeding and bruising.
Where does plasma transport carbon dioxide to and from?
To the lungs from the organs.
Where does plasma transport urea to and from?
To the kidneys from the liver.
Where does plasma transport soluble products from digestion to and from?
To the body cells from the small intestine.
What is the transpiration stream?
The movement of water from the roots through the xylem.
Where does the xylem transport water and mineral ions to and from?
To the stem and leaves from the roots.
What does the phloem carry, and where to?
Dissolved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant e.g. growing regions and the storage organs.
What does the circulatory system do?
Transport substances around the body.
