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Biology > B1.2 - Nerves And Hormones > Flashcards

B1.2 - Nerves And Hormones Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why are the sense organs? (5)

A
  1. Eyes.
  2. Ears.
  3. Tongue.
  4. Nose.
  5. Skin.
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2
Q

What type of cells detect stimuli?

A

Receptors.

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3
Q

What are the receptors in the eyes sensitive to?

A

Light.

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4
Q

What are the receptors in the ears sensitive to? (2)

A
  1. Sound.

2. Changes in position.

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5
Q

What are the receptors in the nose sensitive to?

A

Smell (a chemical stimuli).

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6
Q

What are the receptors in the tongue sensitive to?

A

Taste (a chemical stimuli).

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7
Q

What are the receptors in the skin sensitive to? (4)

A
  1. Touch.
  2. Pressure.
  3. Pain.
  4. Temperature changes.
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8
Q

What do light receptor cells contain? (3)

A
  1. A nucleus.
  2. Cytoplasm.
  3. A cell membrane.
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9
Q

Which neurones carry signals from the receptors to the CNS?

A

Sensory neurones.

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10
Q

Which neurones carry signals from the CNS to the effectors?

A

Motor neurones.

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11
Q

Which neurones carry signals from sensory neurones to motor neurones?

A

Relay neurones.

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12
Q

What can effectors be and what do they do? (2)

A
  1. Muscles, which contract.

2. Glands, which secrete hormones.

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13
Q

What does the CNS include? (2)

A
  1. The brain.

2. The spinal cord.

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14
Q

What do neurones transmit information as?

A

Electrical impulses.

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15
Q

What does the brain do in the CNS?

A

It coordinates a response.

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16
Q

What does the nervous system do?

A

It allows you to react to your surroundings and coordinate your behaviour.

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of reflex actions? (2)

A
  1. Automatic.

2. Fast.

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18
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A junction between two neurones.

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19
Q

What happens at a synapse?

A

The nerve signal is transferred by chemicals which diffuse across the gap between two neurones.

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20
Q

What part of the CNS could impulses travel through in a reflex action? (2)

A
  1. Spinal chord.

2. An unconscious part of the brain.

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21
Q

What internal conditions are controlled in the body? (4)

A
  1. Blood sugar levels.
  2. Temperature.
  3. Ion content.
  4. Water content.
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22
Q

How is the water content of the body controlled? (3)

A
  1. Breathing.
  2. Sweating.
  3. Passing urine.
23
Q

How is the ion content of the body controlled? (2)

A
  1. Sweating.

2. Passing urine.

24
Q

Why is the temperature of the body controlled?

A

To maintain the optimum temperature for enzymes.

25
Q

How is the blood sugar level of the body controlled?

A

To provide cells with constant energy.

26
Q

How are hormones transported to their target organs?

A

Via the bloodstream.

27
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers.

28
Q

Which hormones involved in the menstrual cycle are produced in the pituitary gland? (2)

A
  1. FSH.

2. LH.

29
Q

Which hormones involved in the menstrual cycle are produced in the ovaries? (2)

A
  1. Oestrogen.

2. Progesterone.

30
Q

What role does FSH play in the menstrual cycle? (2)

A
  1. It causes the eggs in the ovaries to mature.

2. It stimulates the ovaries to produce more eggs.

31
Q

What role does LH play in the menstrual cycle?

A

It stimulates the release of eggs from the ovary.

32
Q

What role does oestrogen play in the menstrual cycle? (2)

A
  1. Inhibits the release of FSH.

2. Causes the pituitary gland to produce LH.

33
Q

Which hormones are contained in contraceptive medication? (2)

A
  1. Oestrogen.

2. Progesterone.

34
Q

Which hormone used in birth-control pills causes fewer side effects?

A

Progesterone.

35
Q

Which hormones are contained in fertility treatments? (2)

A
  1. FSH.

2. LH.

36
Q

What are the advantages of contraceptive medication? (2)

A
  1. The pill is over 99% effective at preventing pregnancy.

2. It reduces the risk of some types of cancer.

37
Q

What are the disadvantages of contraceptive medication? (3)

A
  1. It’s not totally effectively
  2. It can cause side effects e.g. nausea and headaches.
  3. It doesn’t protect against STDs.
38
Q

What is the advantage of fertility treatments?

A

It helps women to become pregnant when they otherwise could not.

39
Q

What are the disadvantages of fertility treatments? (3)

A
  1. It doesn’t always work.
  2. Expensive.
  3. Too many eggs can be stimulated.
40
Q

What are the stages involved in IVF treatment? (3)

A
  1. FSH and LH are given to the mother to stimulate egg production.
  2. Eggs are collected from the mother and incubated with sperm from the father.
  3. When the eggs have developed into embryos, they are transferred back into the woman’s womb.
41
Q

What are plants sensitive to? (3)

A
  1. Light.
  2. Gravity.
  3. Moisture.
42
Q

Shoots ___ light and ___ the force of gravity.

A

Towards, against.

43
Q

Shoots ___ moisture and ___ the force of gravity.

A

Towards, in the direction of.

44
Q

What does auxin do?

A

Stimulate plant growth.

45
Q

What is the name of a growth in a plant in response to light?

A

Phototropism.

46
Q

What is the name of a growth in a plant in response to gravity?

A

Geotropism.

47
Q

What does light do to auxin? (3)

A
  1. Light causes auxin to be unevenly distributed.
  2. There is more auxin on the shady side, and so it grows faster.
  3. The plant bends in the direction of the light source.
48
Q

Auxin is ___ distributed.

A

Unevenly.

49
Q

Where is the more auxin in response to gravity?

A

On the lower side.

50
Q

Where is the more auxin in response to moisture?

A

On the side with more moisture.

51
Q

What can plant growth hormones be used for in industry? (2)

A
  1. Weed killers.

2. Rooting powder.

52
Q

How do plant growth hormones work in weed killers?

A

They disrupt the normal growth patterns of the weeds and kill them.

53
Q

How does auxin work in rooting powders?

A

The roots grow more rapidly and start growing as new plants.

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