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Biology > B1.1 - Keeping Healthy > Flashcards

B1.1 - Keeping Healthy Flashcards

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1
Q

What are carbohydrates used for in the body?

A

To release energy.

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2
Q

What are fats used for in the body?

A

Warmth and energy release.

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3
Q

What are proteins used for in the body? (3)

A
  1. Growth.
  2. Cell repair.
  3. Cell replacement.
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4
Q

What is fibre used for in the body?

A

Smooth movements through the digestive system.

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5
Q

What are vitamins and minerals used for in the body?

A

To maintain the health of skin, bones and blood.

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6
Q

What can an unbalanced diet lead to? (4)

A
  1. Being overweight.
  2. Being underweight.
  3. Deficiency diseases.
  4. Type 2 diabetes.
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7
Q

What is metabolic rate?

A

The rate at which the chemical reactions in someone’s body are occurring.

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8
Q

When does a person lose mass?

A

When the energy of the food taken in is greater than the energy expended by the body.

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9
Q

How can somebody increase the amount of energy expended by their body?

A

Exercise.

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10
Q

What factors can affect metabolic rate? (5)

A
  1. Proportion of muscle to fatty tissue.
  2. Gender.
  3. Size.
  4. Exercise.
  5. Inherited factors.
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11
Q

Which microorganisms cause infectious diseases?

A

Pathogens.

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12
Q

How do bacteria make you feel ill? (2)

A
  1. Damaging cells.

2. Producing toxins.

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13
Q

How do viruses make you feel ill?

A

They invade body cells and reproduce inside them. The cell eventually bursts and the cell damage caused you to feel ill.

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14
Q

How do white blood cells combat pathogens? (3)

A
  1. Engulfing them.
  2. Producing antibodies.
  3. Producing antitoxins.
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15
Q

What happens when a white blood cell engulfs a pathogen?

A

The white blood cell digests the foreign cells.

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16
Q

How do white blood cells produce antibodies? (3)

A
  1. They recognise foreign antigens on the surface of pathogen cells.
  2. They then rapidly produce antibodies (proteins) to lock onto and kill the intruder cells.
  3. If a person encounters the same pathogen again, they will be naturally immune to that pathogen.
17
Q

What happens when white blood cells produce antitoxins?

A

The antitoxins counteract the toxins produced by bacteria.

18
Q

How do vaccinations work?

A

Small amounts of dead or inactive microorganisms are injected into your body. Your body then produces the antibodies to attack the antigens.

19
Q

What are the disadvantages of vaccinations? (2)

A
  1. They don’t give you complete immunity.

2. People can have bad reactions to injections.

20
Q

What are the advantages of vaccinations? (2)

A
  1. They have controlled many common infectious diseases.

2. Epidemics are prevented.

21
Q

Why did Semmelweis discover and how?

A

He noticed that many more mothers died in childbirth with doctors than midwives. He then instructed doctors to wash their hands in an antiseptic solution and the death rate went down from 12% to 2%.

22
Q

What do painkillers do?

A

Relieve pain and reduce symptoms.

23
Q

What do antibiotics do?

A

Kill and prevent the growth of the problematic bacteria without killing body cells.

24
Q

What can’t antibiotics destroy?

A

Viruses.

25
Q

Why is it important that doctors do not over-prescribe medication?

A

So that bacteria are less likely to mutate and become resistant to the treatment.

26
Q

What is a dangerous strain of bacteria that has developed resistance to antibiotics?

A

MRSA.

27
Q

What kind of pathogens can antibiotics not kill?

A

Ones that have developed resistance.

28
Q

What happens to resistant pathogens once they have entered the body?

A

They survive and reproduced, so the resistant population increases.

29
Q

Why are antibiotics not used to treat non-serious infections?

A

To hinder the development of resistant strains.

30
Q

Why does the MMR vaccination protect against?

A

Measles, mumps and rubella.

31
Q

What precautions are taken as to not infect experiments when investigating antibiotics? (3)

A
  1. Petri dishes and other equipment must be sterilised.
  2. Inoculating loops must be passed through a flame to sterilise them.
  3. The lid of the petri dish is secured with adhesive tape.
32
Q

How are harmful human pathogens not grown in school experiments?

A

The temperature is too low (around 25 degrees).

33
Q

Why is it hard to develop vaccinations against viruses?

A

They mutate frequently.

34
Q

How could antibiotic-resistant bacteria strains be dangerous?

A

If they spread, no one would be immune to it and no antibiotics would have been developed to treat it. This could cause an epidemic.

35
Q

What components are part of a balanced diet? (6)

A
  1. Vitamins.
  2. Minerals.
  3. Fibres.
  4. Proteins.
  5. Carbohydrates.
  6. Fats.

Biology (20 decks)

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