Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

IBI Test 2 Leesy > B3.027 - Chronic Infections > Flashcards

B3.027 - Chronic Infections Flashcards

1
Q

What are chronic infections

A

Infections that are not efficiently cleared by either the innate or adaptive immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are some examples of viruses that cause chronic infection

A

HIV, CMV, HSV, EBV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are 6 mechanisms of bacterial persistence

A
  1. Antigenic variation of surface antigens
  2. Colonization of immunoprivileged niches
  3. Modification of intracellular environment
  4. Host mimicry
  5. Resistance to immune effector mechanisms
  6. Selective gene deactivation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a bacterium that displays antigenic variation of surface antigens

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is an example of a bacterium that exhibits colonization of immunoprivileged niches

A

Salmonella typhi, Mycobacteria leprae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is type of bacteria exhibit modification of intracellular environment

A

facultative and obligate intracellular bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is an example of a bacterium that exhibits host mimicry

A

Treponema pallidum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is an example of a bacterium that exhibits resistance to immune effector mechanisms

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What causes syphilis

A

Treponema pallidum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What causes leptospirosis

A

Leptospira interrogans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What causes relapsing fever

A

Several borrelia species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What causes Lyme disease

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What makes spirochetal flagella unique

A

Its in the periplasmic space (in between 2 layers of plasma membrane)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does leptospira have on their cell surface

A

Lipoproteins and LPS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does Treponema pallidum have on its cell surface

A

No major ones and NO LPS (Stealth pathogen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does Borellia have on its cell surface

A

Abundant lipoproteins NO LPS!!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Clinical presentation of fever, diffuse macular and papular rash of skin including palms and soles, red patches of oral mucosa is indicative of what disease

A

Syphilis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What causes syphilis

A

Treponema pallidum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

T. Pallidum virulence factors include what

A

Hyalurinodase fibronectin coat
Few surface proteins
Stealth pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

T. Pallidum infection (syphilis) symptoms are caused by what

A

Immune response to tissue damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How is T. Pallidum cultured

A

Rabbit testicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a chancre

A

Tissue damage at site of pathogen entry in primary syphilis

Painless, heals spontaneously

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe symptoms of secondary syphilis

A
  1. Maculopapular, desquamative rash
  2. slope is
  3. Papules and Paquette in groin
  4. Erythematous mucous patches in mouth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are symptoms of secondary syphilis

A
  1. Maculopapular, desquamatous rash
  2. Alopecia
  3. Papules and plaques in groin (condylomata lata)
  4. Erythematous mucus patches in mouth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the 3 types of symtoms seen in tertiary syphilis

A

Gummatous
Cardiovascular
Neurosyphilis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Where are gummatous lesions seen

A

Skin, bone, brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does cardiovascular syphilis cause

A

Aortic aneurism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What can neurosyphilis cause

A

Meningitis
Tables dorsalis - locomotor ataxia
Spinal cord damage with demyelination of dorsal roots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are symptoms of congenital syphilis

A
  1. Stillborn
  2. Saddleback nose/hutchinsonian teeth
  3. 2ndary or tertiary syphilis
  4. Rhinitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What microscopy methods can you use to diagnose T. Pallidum infection

A

Darkfield of fresh skin lesions (NOT ORAL)

DFA staining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What serology tests can you run for T. Pallidum

A
  1. RPR

2. FTA-ABS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Why cant you rely on RPR alone

A

Its very sensitive but not specific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Why do you follow RPR with FTA-ABS

A

Its very specific, to confirm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What does RPR test for

A

Reagin antibodies against cardiolipin

35
Q

What is the DOC for syphilis

A

Penicillin G

36
Q

What do you use for syphilis in case of a penicillin allergy

A

Doxycycline, ceftriaxone, tetracycline, azithromycin

37
Q

What is a Jarisch Herxheimer reaction presentation

A

Abrupt onset of fever, chills, myalgias, tachycardia, vasodilation with flushing, exacerbated skin rash, mild hypotension

38
Q

What causes a Jarisch Herxheimer Reaction

A

Massive release of pro inflammatory cytokines triggered by release of endotoxin like substances from bacteremic organisms

39
Q

What organisms can cause a Jarisch Herxheimer reaction

A

T. Pallidum - lipoproteins

Borrelia - Lipoproteins

40
Q

What is the serotype defining molecule on Leptospira interrogans

A

LPS

41
Q

What are asymptomatic hosts of Leptospira interrogans

A

Rodents
Dogs
Farm animals

42
Q

Where does leptospira persist in its hosts

A

Renal tubules, shed in urine

43
Q

Describe the life cycle of leptospira in a human

A
  1. Infection via intact mucosa or broken skin
  2. Septicemia
  3. Damage of small blood vessel endothelium
  4. Exit
44
Q

What can damage of small blood vessel endothelium cause in a human

A

Meningitis
Nephritis
Hepatitis
Hemorrhage

45
Q

What are some occupational exposures to leptospira

A

Miners, vets, farmers, butchers

46
Q

When do cases of leptospira peak

A

Warmer moths (recreational exposure)

47
Q

How do you diagnose leptospira

A

Gold standard is agglutination test

48
Q

Can you culture Leptospira

A

Yes but its slow
Blood/urine - + during first 10 days
Urine - after 1 week will be +

49
Q

What microscopy method can be used to diagnose leptospira

A

DFA

50
Q

What is the drug of choice for Leptospira

A

Penicillin IV

51
Q

What other than penicillin can be used for Leptospira

A

Doxycycline preventitively
Amoxicillin
Ampicillin

52
Q

What are two causes of relapsing fever

A

Tick Bourne and louse Bourne

53
Q

Which type of relapsing fever causes epidemics

A

Louse Bourne

54
Q

Which type of relapsing fever is endemic

A

Tick Bourne

55
Q

What is TBRF caused by

A

Borrelia sp

56
Q

What is RBRF caused by

A

B. Recurrent is

57
Q

What causes TBRF ID

A

1

58
Q

How types of ticks are fast feeders

A

Ornithopods, usually <20 min at night

59
Q

RF borrelia are present where on the tick and how does it get to the human

A

Salivary glands and quickly transmitted with saliva upon feeding

60
Q

How is LBRF transmitted

A

Crushing of louse

61
Q

What causes relapses of fever from borrelia

A

Antigenic variation and serotype switching

Recombination fo silent genes into single expression site

62
Q

Each serotype of borrelia is defined by what

A

Expression of a different single immunodominant surface lipoprotein

63
Q

How do you diagnose borrelia causing relapsing fever

A 
Blood smear (sn 70%)
CDC will do a western blot but there is cross reactivity with other spirochetes so false positives can happen
64
Q

What drug is used for TBRF

A

Doxycycline

65
Q

What drug is used for LBRF

A

Tetracycline

66
Q

After giving dose why do you keep patient for 12 hours

A

Looking out for Jarisch Herxheimer

67
Q

How is Lyme disease transmitted

A

Lxodes ticks

68
Q

What are symptoms of Lyme disease

A

Facial palsy

Circular rash

69
Q

What is the most common vector borne disease in US

A

Lyme

70
Q

How long do ixode ticks feed for

A

Several days

71
Q

What is the window of time you can pull a tick off for and not get disease

A

48 hours

72
Q

Why does it take so long for ixode ticks to transmit spirochetes

A

They are in the midgut and have to get to the salivary glands

73
Q

What are the symptoms of Lyme disease

A 
Erythema migrants (bulls eye rash)
Diffuse symptoms are malaise, fatigue, headache, fever, chills, MSK pain, lymphadenopathy
74
Q

What is diagnostic for Lyme disease as far as the EM

A

Over 2 inches in diameter or 5 cm

75
Q

What is nueroborreliosis

A

Neurological symptoms of disseminate Lyme disease

  • meningitis
  • Bell’s palsy
  • Encephalitis
  • Radiculopathy
  • Cranial neuritis
76
Q

What are the cardiac symptoms of disseminated Lyme disease

A

Pericarditis
Myocarditis
AV nodal block

77
Q

What are symptoms of late disseminated Lyme disease

A

Encephalopathy
Acrodermatitits chronicum atrophicans
Oligoaricular arthritis (usually unilateral)

78
Q

What virulence factor does B. Burgdorferi have to help with its colonization and survival

A

OspA - binds to tick midgut receptor and protects other bacterial proteins from tick Proteases

79
Q

What B. Burgdorferi virulence factors help it with persistence

A 
Osp C
Adhesins
Broad complement resistance
Factor H
Antigenic variation
80
Q

What does Osp Cdo

A

Binds immunomodulary tick saliva protein and blocks phagocytosis by macrophages and binds complement C4b

81
Q

What are CRASPs

A

Block MAC, complement regulator aquiring surface proteins

82
Q

What causes Lyme arthritis

A

Lipoproteins cause constant inflammatory stimulus to join causing edema associated with neutrophil infiltration

83
Q

What is the genetic link to refractory arthritis caused by antibiotics

A

HLA.DRB1

84
Q

How does the OspA vaccine work

A

Recombinant lipidated Osp A blocks transmission, tick up takes antibodies killing spirochetes with OspA

IBI Test 2 Leesy (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions