B3 + B4 Flashcards
Cells
Building blocks of cells
Tissues
A group of cells with a similar structure or function
Organs
Group of tissues working together to do a specific job
Organ system
Group of organs that carry out a specific job
The mouth
Where the teeth and tongue work together to chop and grind the food into smaller pieces
Salivary glands
Produce an enzyme called amylase which catalyses the reaction to break down the starch into simple sugars. Also makes mucus which makes the food slippery to swallow
Emulsification
Bile breaks down the fat in the food into smaller droplets which mix together to form watery liquids
The gallbladder
Bile is stored there it travels along the bile duct and into the small intestine.
Ileum glands
Produce enzymes to break down food
The oesophagus
Has a muscled wall, these contract behind the food to push it in a wave like motion
The stomach
Food enters the stomach through the ring of muscle called the sphincter
Sphincter
Contractions of the muscle churn up food into a liquid known as chyme
Stomach - what happens
Mixes the food with stomach acid so they can regulate the protein digesting enzymes so they can work efficiently, also kills the bacteria that is digested with the food
The pancreas
A gland which secretes the hormones which controls glucose levels in the blood. This rises after eating which means insulin is released and then it is converted into glycerol for storage in the liver
The large intestine
Made up of the colon, appendix and rectum, all the food had been digested and absorbed into the blood, the colon absorbed the water into the blood and poo is made
What is everything broken down to
Proteins
Carbs
Lipids
Proteins are broken down into amino acids
Carbohydrates are broken down into simple sugars
Lipids are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol
Protease
Act on substrate
Products
Where
Act on substrate - protein
Products - amino acids
Where - stomach and small intestine
Carbohydrase
Act on substrate
Products
Where
Carbohydrates
Simple sugar
Mouth and small intestine
Amylase
Act on substrate
Products
Where
Carbohydrates
Simple sugar
Mouth and small intestine
Lipase
Act on substrate
Products
Where
Fats and lipids
Fatty acids and glycerol
Small intestine
Enzymes
a biological catalyst that doesn’t take part in the reaction, but speeds it up
Lock and key
Substrate is the substance on which an enzyme acts upon ( building or breaking down) - food particles
Benidicts solution
Sugar test
Iodine
Starch
Blurest test
Protien
Ethanol
Lipids
Active site
Middle of lock and key
Combined enzyme and substate complex
The substrate of the reaction fits perfectly into the enzyme like a lock and key. It goes straight into the active site.
The effect of Temperature on enzyme activity
higher than 40 degrees. This is because the temperature increases more of the energy is being realsed, meaning the kenetic energy is allowing it to move quicker, allowing more reactions to take place in the enzymes. However, if it becomes hotter than 41 degrees the enzymes will begin to die and deactivate resulting in death.
Ph effect
Force and shape on the enzyme
Components to the blood
red blood cells , white blood cells, plasma, platelets
Function if a red blood cell
packed with haemoglobin which binds with oxogen - it also transports the oxogen around the body
White blood cells
Bigger than red blood cells , and help fight harmful microorganisms and digest bacteria and diseases
Plasma
Yellow liquid to transport waste co2 around the body to digest in the small intestine
Platelets
Small fragments of cells which repair blood clots and scabs
High in oxogen =
Oxygenated
Low in oxogen
Deoxygenated
Double system
Two loops that the blood circulates
Blood suppies what
Oxogen and glucoses
Levels of organisation in a plant
Cells -——> palisade cell, epidermal cell, guard cell
Tissue ——-> palisade mesophyll, epidermal mesophyll, xylem phloem
Organs——-> leaf
Guard cells
Guard cells - control the opening and closing of the stomata
Stomata
Stomata - allows gases to move in and out of the leaf and into the mesophyll tissue
Spongy mesophyll
Spongy mesophyll - carry out photosynthesis but also have big air spaces and a large surface area to make the diffusion of gasses quicker and easier
Palisade mesophyll
Palisade mesophyll - carry out photosynthesis as they have lots of chloroplast
Upper and lower epidermal
Upper and lower epidermal - cover the surface of the leaf and protects them
Field view equation
Field number | objective magnification
Volume equation
Volume = pi r2 x h
Rates of reaction equation
Volume | time
Rates of reaction units
mm3 min -1
