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GCSE AQA Biology (old spec) > B2.5 Simple Inheritance In Animals And Plants > Flashcards

B2.5 Simple Inheritance In Animals And Plants Flashcards

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1
Q

Chromosome, DNA, nucleus, cell, base, gene

Put these in order from smallest to biggest

A 
Smallest      
-------
Base
Gene
DNA
Chromosome 
Nucleus
Cell
-------
Biggest
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2
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes does each cell have?

A

23 pairs

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3
Q

Define chromosome

A

Long section of DNA containing many genes and the instructions for lots of different characteristics

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4
Q

Define a gene

A

A small section of DNA containing the instructions for a single characteristic

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5
Q

What part of a cell contains the genetic material

A

The nucleus

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6
Q

What happens during mitosis?

A

Chromosomes copy each other and make a replicated strand. Spindle fibres are formed and you get each type of chromosome then they pull apart making two cells identical to the first

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7
Q

What are the female and male gametes called and where are they made?

A

Eggs/ova in the ovaries

Sperm in the testes

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8
Q

What happens during meiosis?

A

The chromosomes are copied, the cell divides into two and these new cells immediately divide again. This gives four sex cells each with a single set of chromosomes.

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9
Q

Does mitosis or meiosis give variety? And why is there variety?

A

Meiosis because in each sex cell they contain random mixtures of the original chromosome pairs

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10
Q

What happens during fertilisation?

A

Two sex cells join during fertilisation and the single cell formed has a full set of chromosomes (23 pairs-half sperm and half egg). The combination of genes on the chromosomes of every newly fertilised ovum is unique.

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11
Q

Asexual reproduction produces offspring as a result of ________
Sexual reproduction produces offspring as a result of ________

A

Mitosis

Meiosis

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12
Q

Define pluripotent

A

Embryo stem cell can become lots of things

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13
Q

What can stem cells become?

A

Nerve cells
Red blood cells
Muscle cells
Tissue cells

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14
Q

What are the pros of embryo stem cells?

A

Easy to collect and produce in a lab or embryos can be donated by IVF patients who don’t want them
People don’t need an operation to get them
Stem cells can turn into any cells

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15
Q

What are the cons of embryo stem cells?

A

Expensive

Embryo is destroyed which is a living thing - unethical

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16
Q

Pros of adult stem cells?

A

Can be taken out without destroying a potential life

Stem cells taken from an adult to be used by them will prevent rejection from happening

17
Q

Cons of adult stem cells

A

Expensive
You need an operation to get them - harder to collect
Can only be turned into some types of body cells

18
Q

Stem cells are _________ cells.

A

Undifferentiated

19
Q

Why are stem cells important?

A

They could potentially produce every type of cell in the body

20
Q

What’s therapeutic cloning?

A

Cloning by transferring the nucleus of an adult cell to an empty egg to produce tissues or organs which could be used in medicine

21
Q

What are some problems with therapeutic cloning?

A

Could be unethical and it’s slow and very complicated

22
Q

Who was Mendel?

A

An Austrian monk who closely studied the patterns of inheritance in pea plants.
He made these conclusions:
-Characteristics can be dominant or recessive
-Recessive characteristics may not show but can still be inherited
-certain characteristics can be inherited predictably
-inherited characteristics are passed on as bits of information called ‘factors’

23
Q

What are Punnett squares?

A

They show each of the possible outcomes of characteristics

24
Q

How would you represent a dominant characteristic?

A

Capital letter

25
Q

How would you represent a recessive characteristic?

A

Lower case letter

26
Q

What’s a genotype?

A

The genes

27
Q

What’s a phenotype?

A

The physical way the genes look

28
Q

What would the genotypes be if the dominant thing was SS and the recessive was ww

A

Sw, Sw, Sw, Sw

29
Q

What would the genotypes be if the two genes were Sw and Sw

A

SS, Sw, Sw, ww

GCSE AQA Biology (old spec) (14 decks)

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