B1.1 Keeping Healthy Flashcards
What’s a balanced diet?
Food that provides you everything you need to survive
Why do we need carbohydrates and which foods are a good source of it?
Gives you energy
Bread, potatoes, pasta
Why do we need fats and which foods are a good source of it?
Stores energy and protects organs
Fast-food, cake, chocolate
Why do we need proteins and which foods are a good source of it?
Growth and repair
Meat and dairy
Why do we need vitamins and which foods are a good source of it?
Keeps you healthy
Vegetables and fruit
Why do we need minerals and which foods are a good source of it?
Calcium for teeth and bones
Fruit and vegetables
Why do we need fibre and which foods are a good source of it?
Helps digestion, stops constipation
Grains and whole wheat food
Why do we need water and which foods are a good source of it?
To hydrate ourselves
Water, watermelon, tomatoes
What disease do you get for a lack of vitamin C?
Scurvy
What’s metabolism?
The series of chemical reactions in your cells
What’s your metabolic rate?
The rate at which your cells use energy. Varies between each individual
What 3 factors affect your metabolic rate?
Inherited factors
Amount of exercise you do
Proportion of muscle to fat
Where do chemical reactions in your cells take place?
Cytoplasm
What are the benefits of exercise?
Reduces body fat Increases lifespan Strengthens muscles Reduces diabetes and cancer risk Strengthens heart, bones and lungs Boosts mood, decreases stress Improves memory and coordination Boosts immune system
What are the risks of obesity?
Type 2 diabetes
Heart disease
Cancer
Depression
What are the health risks of being anerexic?
Infertility
Anemia- low iron, dizziness
Osteoporosis- low bone density
Amenorrhea-anxiety
How do you lose weight?
Reducing the amount of food you eat so cutting down on energy consumption
Doing more exercise so burning more energy
What are the two types of cholesterol?
HDL - good
LDL - bad
What’s bad about cholesterol?
Can stick to the lining of your arteries causing blood clots
Heart disease risk and high blood pressure
Why is cholesterol necessary?
Essential for cell membranes and hormones
Name three types of viruses?
HIV
hepatitis
Cold virus
Put these in order of size from smallest to biggest
Cell membrane, bacteria, plant cell, glucose molecule, animal cell, virus
Smallest ----- Glucose molecule Cell membrane Virus Bacteria Animal cell Plant cell ------ biggest
What’s a pathogen?
A microorganism that causes disease
What does infectious mean?
When pathogens pass from one person to another
Why do we get symptoms from diseases?
Bacteria and viruses reproduce rapidly in you body and produce toxins
How do bacteria reproduce?
How do viruses reproduce?
Bacteria- divide and multiply rapidly
Virus- take over another cell and reproduce rapidly
How does bacteria cause disease?
They reproduce rapidly in the body and produce toxins which make you feel ill and damage cells
How do viruses cause disease?
Reproduce rapidly and damage your cells and make you feel ill. They rarely produce toxins
What diseases do bacteria cause?
MRSA
E-Coli
Salmonella
What diseases do viruses cause?
Mumps Herpes Colds HIV/AIDS Influenza
What are the features of a bacteria cell?
Cell membrane Plasmid Capsule Cytoplasm Pilus Chromosome Flagellum Cell wall
What are the features of a virus?
Head Neck Sheath DNA Collar Tail fibre Base plate
How was Semmelweis?
He realised lots of people were dying because they were event washing their hand and doctors and nurses were spreading disease by not washing their hands. He then told people to and the death rate noticeably decreased.
How does our body stop us getting dieases?
Skin - outer barrier to infections
Lungs - mucus and cilia trap pathogens and sweep them out
Stomach- hydrochloric acid kills many microbes
Eyes - produce tears which contain a natural antiseptic
Blood - scabs are formed to stop open wounds, contains white blood cells
How do white blood cells fight against disease?
Can engulf pathogens and digest it
They attack antigens by releasing antibodies
They release anti-toxins to fight against the toxins
What do painkillers do?
Relieve symptoms and pain but don’t kill the pathogen
What do antibiotics do?
Kill bacteria that cause disease
They clump onto bacteria and kill them
Who’s Alexander Fleming?
He discovered penicillin
There was mould around bacteria but the mould was killing the bacteria. He then extracted the mould and made penicillin.
How do you safely grow bacteria for experiments?
In agar in a Petri dish which are kept in incubators
What is the maximum temperature bacteria can be grown at in schools?
25 degrees Celsius
What’s the difference between an epidemic and a pandemic?
Epidemic is a pathogen that affects 1 country but a pandemic affects many countries
How do superbugs evolve?
1) A bacterial infection causes a sore throat. As the bacteria divide, one bacterial cell becomes resistant to a popular type of antibiotic.
2) the patient takes prescribed antibiotics
3) non-resistant bacteria are killed but the resistant bacteria have a competitive advantage and survive
4) the patient starts to feel better and stops taking the antibiotics but the resistant bacteria remain
5) the remaining resistant bacteria infect someone else and pass on the resistant gene.
How do mutations in bacteria pass on?
A mutation in DNA occurs a variation and some bacterium become resistant to antibiotics. When the person takes the antibiotic the non resistant bacteria die and the resistant bacteria survives. This bacteria them reproduces and passes the resistant DNA to their offspring.
What’s an antigen?
A unique protein on the surface of a cell. It’s recognised by the immune system so if the immune system doesn’t recognise the antigen then it attacks.
What’s a vaccine?
The dead or inactive pathogen material used in a vaccination.
What’s a vaccination?
Introducing small quantities of dead pathogens into the body to stimulate the white blood cells to produce antibodies that destroy the pathogens. This makes the person immune to future infection.
Define immunisation
Giving a vaccine that allows immunity to develop without exposure to the disease itself.
What are the advantages of vaccinations?
Stop epidemics and individuals getting ill.
What are the disadvantages of vaccinations?
Side effects
Not 100% effective
What’s the MMR vaccine?
A vaccination given to children to stop measles, mumps and rubella.
However, there was some controversy as people thought a side effect was having a larger chance of getting up autism so some children didn’t get the vaccine. Since then it’s proven MMR and autism aren’t linked.
Give an example of natural passive immunisation and natural active immunisation.
Passive: mothers antibodies in breast milk
Active: exposed to a pathogen your cells produce antibodies
