B15 Flashcards

1
Q

What is variation

A

Differences in the characteristics of individuals in a population

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2
Q

What can cause variation?

A

Genetic causes, environmental causes and combination of genes and the environment

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3
Q

How do New phenotype variant occur?

A

Mutations

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4
Q

What is selective breeding?

A

Breeding plants and animals for particular characteristics

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5
Q

Describe the process of selective breeding

A

1 Choose parent with the desired characteristics
2 breed them together
3 Choose offspring with the desired characteristics and breed again
4 Continue over many generations until all offspring show the desired characteristics

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6
Q

What are the consequences of inbreeding?

A

Inherited defects and disease

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7
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

Modifying the genome of an organism by introducing a gene from another organism to give a desired characteristic

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8
Q

How have plant crops been genetically engineered?

A

To be resistant to diseases/herbicides/pesticides to produce bigger fruits, to give higher yields

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9
Q

How have bacteria been genetically engineered?

A

To produce useful substances, such as human insulin to treat diabetes

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10
Q

What are enzymes used for in genetic engineering?

A

Cut out the required gene

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11
Q

What is used to transfer the required gene into the new cell in genetic engineering?

A

Vector

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12
Q

Describes the steps involved in adult cell cloning

A

1 Nucleus removed from the unfertilised egg cell
2 Nucleus from adult body cell inserted into egg cell
3 Electric shock stimulates egg cell to divide to form an embryo
4 Embryo develops and is inserted into the womb of an adult female

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13
Q

What is tissue culture cloning?

A

Using a small groups of cells from plants to grow identical new plants

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14
Q

Why is tissue culture cloning of plants important?

A

Preserve rare species and growing plants commercially in nurseries

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15
Q

What is cutting as a cloning method?

A

Simple method used by gardeners to produce many identical plants from a parent plant

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16
Q

Describe cloning through using embryo transplants

A

Cell split apart from a developing animal embryo before they specialise, then the identical embryos are transplanted into host mothers