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Biology 1 > B1.3 The Use And Abuse of Drugs > Flashcards

B1.3 The Use And Abuse of Drugs Flashcards

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1
Q

Give a definition of the term ‘DRUG’:

A
  • Substance taken into the body that modifies or affects chemical reactions in the body.
  • Some drugs are harmful.
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2
Q

What are illegal drugs?

A
  • Classified from Class A to Class C.

* (Class A are the most dangerous and Class C are the least dangerous).

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3
Q

What are some examples of illegal drugs?

A
  • Class A: Meth, heroin
  • Class B: Skunk, special k
  • Class C: Smileys, exodus
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4
Q

What are some examples of legal drugs?

A

•Alcohol, caffeine, nicotine.

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5
Q

What are stimulants?

A
  • Increases nerve and brain activity.
  • By causing more neurotransmitter molecules to diffuse across the synapse.
  • Treat depression.
  • Make you feel more alert and awake.
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6
Q

What are some examples of stimulants?

A

•Nicotine, caffeine, ecstasy

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7
Q

What are performance enhancers?

A

•Improves muscle development.

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8
Q

Give an example of a performance enhancer?

A

•Anabolic steroids.

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9
Q

What are painkillers?

A

•Block nerve impulses.

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10
Q

What are some examples of painkillers?

A

•Aspirin, paracetamol

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11
Q

What are hallucinogens?

A

•Alters what we see and hear.

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12
Q

What are some examples of hallucinogens?

A

•LSD, cannabis

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13
Q

What are depressants?

A
  • Slows down nerve and brain activity by stopping the next neurone sending nerve impulses.
  • They bind to the receptor molecules the next neurone that needs to respond to the neurotransmitter molecules.
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14
Q

What are some examples of depressants?

A

Alcohol, solvents, temazepam

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15
Q

Why is nicotine addictive?

A
  • Nicotine is a stimulant, so it makes you feel better.
  • Once it reaches the brain it changes the balance of the chemicals dopamine and noradrenaline, this then affects the mood and concentration levels.
  • Since this reduces negative feelings as it is smoked more it becomes more and more addictive and harder to stop.
  • It effects the chemicals in the brain.
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16
Q

What parts of the body are damaged by alcohol?

A
  • Liver

* Brain

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17
Q

What are the short term effects of alcohol?

A
  • Disorientation.
  • Slurred speech.
  • No sense of reality.
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18
Q

How is the liver affected by alcohol?

A
  • Liver cells are damaged and replaced by scar tissue because of chronic inflammation.
  • The inflammation can develop because of chronic viral hepatitis, fatty liver disease, unsafe consumption of alcohol, some drugs and harmful substances.
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19
Q

What are the long term effects of alcohol?

A
  • Damage to the liver and brain.

* Alcohol damages the liver and, over time, this leads to cirrhosis.

20
Q

What do drugs impact?

A
  • Profession.
  • Health.
  • NHS.
  • Relationships.
  • Mood.
  • Money.
21
Q

What is are the basic stages of testing medicinal drugs?

A

1) . Drugs are tested on human cells and tissues in a lab.
2) . Drugs are tested on live animals (two different live animals).
3) . Drugs are tested on healthy human volunteers.
4) . The drugs are tested on the patients that are unhealthy patients- there are two groups- placebo (ineffective fake drug) and the new drug. This is done blind.

22
Q

Why are drugs tested?

A
  • To check the toxicity and side effects.
  • To see how they work.
  • To be able to calculate the right amount to use.
  • To prevent problems, such as the thalidomide pill.
23
Q

What are the types of drugs?

A
  • Medicinal: prescribed and non-prescribed.
  • Recreational drugs: legal and illegal.
  • Performance enhancers.
  • Hallucinogens.
  • Stimulants.
  • Depressants.
24
Q

What are the advantages of performance enhancer drugs?

A
  • Athletes have a right to make their own decisions about whether taking drugs is worth the risk or not.
  • Different athletes have more access to better training facilities, coaches, equipment etc.
25
Q

What are the disadvantages of performance enhancer drugs?

A
  • It’s an unfair advantage towards other people.
  • Athletes may not be informed about the risks. E.g. steroids cause hight blood pressure, anabolic steroids stimulate muscle growth and stimulants increase heart rate.
26
Q

What is thalidomide?

A

•A drug initially used as a sleeping pill.

27
Q

What was thalidomide found useful in treating?

A

•Morning sickness.

28
Q

What was the harmful effect of thalidomide?

A

•It causes damage to the development of unborn babies.

29
Q

Why had the harmful effect of thalidomide not been detected during the clinical trialling of the drug?

A

•It may not have been tested on pregnant animals.

30
Q

What are the effects of alcohol?

A
  • Affects nervous system by slowing down reactions.
  • Helps people relax.
  • Too much can lead to lack of self control, unconsciousness or a coma.
  • Damage to liver and brain.
31
Q

What do drugs do?

A
  • They change the body’s chemistry.

* This leads to the body becoming addicted and can suffer from withdrawal symptoms if it isn’t taken.

32
Q

What type of drugs are there?

A
  • Medicinal.
  • Recreational.
  • Depressants.
  • Stimulants.
  • Painkillers.
  • Performance enhancers.
  • Hallucinogens.
33
Q

What are statins?

A

•Prescribed drugs used to lower risks of heart and circulatory disease.

34
Q

What was thalidomide intended to be used as?

A

•A sleeping pill.

35
Q

What were the negative effects of thalidomide?

A
  • It hadn’t been tested for morning sickness.
  • It could pass through the placenta and affect the fetus resulting in abnormal limb development of babies.
  • It hadn’t been tested on pregnant animals.
36
Q

What is thalidomide used for now?

A
  • Leprosy.

* Some cancers (myeloma cancer).

37
Q

How is the brain effected by alcohol?

A
  • It causes dehydration.

* This damages cells in the body including the brain.

38
Q

How is drug use abused?

A
  • Drugs are used recreationally.
  • Some recreational drugs are more harmful than others.
  • Some of these drugs are legal.
  • Some of these drugs are illegal.
  • Prescribed drugs cannot be taken sensibly.
39
Q

What are drug trials?

A

•When new medicinal drugs are devised, the have to be extensively tested and trialled before being used.

40
Q

In which order are medicinal drugs tested?

A
  • Human cells and tissues in the lab.
  • Live animals- to see if the drug works, its toxicity and dosage.
  • Human volunteers (clinical trial).
41
Q

What happens in clinical trials?

A
  • The drug is first tested on healthy volunteers to test for harmful effects.
  • At the start of the test, a small dosage is given which is then increased.
  • If the drugs are safe, further trials a carried out on patients to find the optimum dose.
  • A double blind trial is carried out.
42
Q

What does a double blind trial involve?

A
  • Patients are put into two groups: one where they are given the new drug; one is given a placebo.
  • The test is ‘blind’ neither the doctor nor the patient know if they are taking the drug or placebo until the results are obtained.
43
Q

What is a placebo?

A

•Designed to appear exactly the same as the drug being tested, but has no effect.

44
Q

What is the control group in a trial?

A

•A group that doesn’t receive the treatment, in order to determine the effectiveness of the drug, supplement or treatment being tested.

45
Q

Why are clinical tests ‘blind’?

A
  • To ensure doctors monitoring patients aren’t subconsciously influenced by their knowledge.
  • To prevent biased results.

Biology 1 (9 decks)

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