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Biology 1 > B1.1.2 Infectious Disease > Flashcards

B1.1.2 Infectious Disease Flashcards

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1
Q

What are pathogens?

A

•Microorganisms that cause infectious disease.

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2
Q

When does disease occur?

A

•When large numbers of pathogenic microorganisms enter the body.

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3
Q

What are bacteria?

A
  • Not all bacteria are pathogens.
  • 1/100th of the size of body cells.
  • Pathogenic bacteria reproduce rapidly inside the body and produce many toxins that damage cells which make us feel ill.
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4
Q

What is an example of bacteria?

A

•E.coli produces toxins that cause fever symptoms when we have food poisoning.

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5
Q

What are viruses?

A
  • Much smaller than bacteria (1/100th of a bacterium).
  • All are pathogens, they are not cells.
  • They produce toxins and they damage the cells in which they reproduce, leading to illness.
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6
Q

How does a virus invade a cell?

A
  • A virus enters a cell.
  • Substances in the cell begin to strip off the outer coat of the virus protein.
  • The nucleic acid in the centre of the virus is released.
  • The nucleic acid gets into the cell’s chemical manufacturing system.
  • The cell “ignores” its own chemical needs and switches to making new viruses.
  • The cell is sometimes destroyed in the process. Many of the new viruses are released to infect other cells.
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7
Q

How do viruses replicate?

A
  • By invading cells, reproducing inside and bursting them.

* This causes damage to the tissue, leading to illness.

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8
Q

What some examples of viruses?

A
  • HIV- damages white blood cells, reducing immunity leading to AIDS.
  • Influenza- releases toxins which cause aches and fever symptoms.
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9
Q

What is the immune system?

A
  • The way in which our body protects itself against pathogens.
  • White blood cells defend our internal environment from pathogens and form a part of our immune system.
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10
Q

What are the different types of white blood cells?

A
  • Cells that ingest and destroy microorganisms.
  • Cells that produce antitoxins, which counteract the toxins released by the pathogens.
  • Cells that produce antibodies that destroy specific pathogens.
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11
Q

How does immunity occur when you have a vaccine?

A
  • A dead or inactive pathogen is injected into the body.
  • White blood cells identify “foreign” antigens of the pathogens.
  • White blood cells produce specific antibodies to kill the particular pathogen.
  • Then, the body is able to rapidly reproduce large numbers of antibodies if it is exposed to the same pathogen in the future leading to immunity.
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12
Q

What are the steps in which a white blood cell destroys a pathogen?

A
  • White blood cell produces antibodies.
  • Antibody attaches to specific chemicals on the pathogen.
  • Antibodies destroy the pathogen.
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13
Q

Who was Semmelweis?

A
  • A scientist in the 1850s.

* He recognised the importance of hand-washing in the prevention of spreading some infectious disease.

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14
Q

What did Semmelweis insist?

A

•Doctors and medical students to wash their hands before examination and delivering babies.

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15
Q

Why were Semmelweis’ ideas not accepted?

A

•People were not aware of microorganisms.

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16
Q

What type of drugs are used to treat disease?

A
  • Painkillers.

* Antibiotics.

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17
Q

How do painkillers treat disease?

A

•They help relieve the symptoms of the infectious disease, but don’t kill the pathogen.

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18
Q

How do antibiotics treat disease?

A
  • They are medicines that help to cure bacterial disease by killing infective bacteria inside the body.
  • It is important that antibiotics treat specific bacteria.
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19
Q

What is an example of a painkiller?

A

•Paracetamol.

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20
Q

What is an example of an antibiotic?

A

•Penicillin (they end ‘in’).

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21
Q

Why has antibiotic resistance strains of bacteria been developed?

A

•Due to overuse and inappropriate use of antibiotics.

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22
Q

How does antibiotic resistance occur?

A
  • Antibiotics kill individual pathogens of the non-resistance strain.
  • Individual resistant pathogens survive and reproduce, so the population of the resistant strain increases.
  • Antibiotics and vaccinations may no longer be effective against a new resistant strain of the pathogen.
  • The new strain will then spread rapidly because people are not immune to it and there is no effective treatment.
  • Many strains of bacteria, including MRSA, have developed resistance to antibiotics as a result of natural selection.
  • These bacteria can enter the body through wounds and cuts.
  • Healthy people’s white blood cells would quickly destroy these bacteria but those who are ill in hospital are likely to have reduced immunity to bacterial disease, and become infected more easily.
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23
Q

How is antibiotic resistance prevented?

A
  • Doctors should only prescribe antibiotics when necessary and not for viruses.
  • Prescribed antibiotics are taken for the whole course (a lot of people do this when the feel better which leaves a few bacteria inside the body, that reproduce and increase the chances of resistant strains being developed).
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24
Q

What are epidemics?

A

•Diseases that spread widely through one country.

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25
Q

What are pandemics?

A

•Disease that spread through several countries.

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26
Q

What is influenza?

A
  • A viral disease.
  • Most people recover in a week.
  • People who are old of very young or already ill can die.
  • Different strains of influenza can affect other animals, which rarely affect humans as the they don’t come in direct contact with infected animals.
  • Humans that are infected are more likely to die if they had human influenza.
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27
Q

What is immunisation?

A

•If a large population is immune to a pathogen, the spread of the pathogen is very much reduced.

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28
Q

What do vaccinations involve?

A
  • By introducing small quantities of dead or inactive forms of the pathogen into the body.
  • Vaccines stimulate the white blood cells to produce antibodies that destroy the pathogens.
  • This makes the person immune to future infections by the microorganisms.
  • The body can respond by rapidly making the correct antibody, in the same way as if the person had previously had the disease.
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29
Q

What organisms can only be seen by a microscope?

A
  • Bacteria.
  • Viruses.
  • Fungi.
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30
Q

Why is important that cultures are not contaminated?

A

•

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31
Q

What conditions are needed for microorganisms to reproduce?

A
  • Nutrients.
  • Warmth.
  • Moisture.
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32
Q

What is a petri-dish?

A

•A shallow, circular, transparent dish with a flat lid, used for the culture of microorganisms.

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33
Q

What is alga?

A

•A special media in which bacteria and fungi can be grown.

34
Q

What does alga provide?

A
  • Carbohydrates.
  • Proteins or amino acids.
  • Water.
35
Q

What happens when alga is heated?

A
  • It is a liquid.
  • It can be poured into a petri dish (a circular dish with a lid).
  • It solidifies when left to cool.
36
Q

What are inoculating loops?

A

•Used to transfer microorganisms to media.

37
Q

How are inoculating loops sterilised?

A

•By passing it through a flame.

38
Q

Why do schools keep cultures incubated at 25 degrees Celsius?

A

•To reduce the growth of pathogens that could be harmful to humans.

39
Q

What are the ways in which the body prevents microbes from entering the body?

A
  • Skin, hairs and mucus in the respiratory tract prevent the passage of microbes.
  • Platelets (small fragments of cells)- help blood to clot to seal wounds.
  • Tears- a natural antiseptic.
  • Stomach acid kills microbes.
  • Your skin replaces itself regularly.
  • Nose and ear hair prevent microbes entering the body.
40
Q

What are the advantages of vaccines?

A
  • They control infectious diseases that were once common in some countries.
  • In epidemics if 95% of the population is vaccinated the disease would be eradicated.
41
Q

What are the disadvantages of vaccines?

A
  • Vaccines don’t always work and don’t give patients immunity.
  • Sometimes people have a bad reaction due to side effects (e.g. swelling, fever of seizures).
42
Q

What are the T cells?

A
  • Phagocytes (the helper cells) they engulf pathogens

* They have killer injections (antitoxins).

43
Q

What are the B cells?

A
  • They have antibodies.
  • They stay around in the blood.
  • They are the memory cells as they remember the different antigens, so they can identify foreign antigens that have entered the body. Then, they attach to the pathogensand destroy them.
44
Q

What ‘old wives tale’ was Edward Jenner interested in?

A

•Milkmaids, who had cowpox, were immune to small pox.

45
Q

How did Jenner test if the ‘old wives tale’ was true?

A

•Jenner injected a cow pox pustule into a boy’s arm and after that he never contracted small pox.

46
Q

How did cowpox protect the milk maids against small pox?

A
  • Cowpox has the same antigens as small pox, but as a milder form.
  • The milder form allows the immune system to kill the pathogens, so then it can destroy the small pox pathogens. This was the basis of the first vaccine.
47
Q

What is immunity?

A

•When the body is able to rapidly produce large numbers of the specific antibodies if it is exposed to the same pathogen in the future.

48
Q

How is transmission of diseases prevented in hospitals?

A

•By washing hands and utensils thoroughly before and after delivering babies, doctors examine patients etc.

49
Q

What can antibiotics not do?

A
  • Kill viral pathogens, as they live and reproduce inside the cells, so to kill the pathogens, like viruses it would be hard just to destroy just the virus without killing the body’s cells and tissue.
  • Specific bacteria should be treated by specific antibiotics.
50
Q

Pathogens can spread by….?

A

•Water, food, air, contact, body fluids, animal vectors

51
Q

How are pathogens spread by water?

A

•Dirty water, contaminated water e.g. cholera

52
Q

How are pathogens spread by air?

A

•Airborne pathogens are carried in the air- droplets are produced when you cough or sneeze- other people will breath them in.

53
Q

How are pathogens spread by contact?

A

•Some pathogens can be picked up by touching contaminated surfaces, including the skin.

54
Q

How are pathogens spread by body fluids?

A

•Through blood, breast milk, semen, saliva etc.

55
Q

How are pathogens spread by animal vectors?

A

•Vectors are animals that spread disease- e.g. house fly, anopheles mosquito, etc.

56
Q

Why is booster injection sometimes given to people?

A
  • Some vaccinations “wear off” over time.

* Booster injections are given to increase levels of antibodies again.

57
Q

How is bacteria sometimes immune to antibiotcs?

A

•Bacteria can mutate and sometimes mutation causes them to be resistant to antibiotics.

58
Q

Which antibiotics did Alexander Flemming discover?

A

•Penicillin.

59
Q

What does penicillin do?

A

•Breaks down cell walls.

60
Q

Why do we need to sterilise equipment?

A

•Microorganisms are widespread, equipment need to be sterilised in order to prevent contamination.

61
Q

What does contaminated mean?

A

•To make (something) impure by exposure to or addition of a poisonous or polluting substance.

62
Q

What does inhibited mean?

A

•To limit, prevent or block the action of function of: as an to inhibit an enzyme or to inhibit a chemical reaction.

63
Q

What does antibacterial mean?

A

•A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses the growth or production and drugs destroy bacteria or inhibit their growth.

64
Q

What does isolate mean?

A

•To seperate from other people, materials or objects.

65
Q

Why don’t doctors give antibiotics for colds?

A
  • Antibiotics don’t kill viruses – they kill bacteria, so they’re only effective against diseases caused by bacteria.
  • A cold is a virus.
66
Q

What does infection mean?

A

•Invasion or multiplication of an infectious agent in body tissues of the host.

67
Q

What does MMR stand for?

A

•Measles, mumps and rubella

68
Q

What is MMR?

A

•In the 1990s, the autism diognosis was high after a media story was created, making the vaccine rates decrease causing controversy on wether it was safe or not.

69
Q

Why are there no links between autism and the MMR vaccine?

A

•The rates of autism increased after the MMR vaccine had been stopped.It suggests that something else causes autism.

70
Q

What are the advantages of MMR?

A
  • People are protected from the common symptoms of these diseases such as rash, high fever, red and painful eyes, swollen glands and joint pain.
  • People are protected from the serious complications of these diseases such as inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis) or inflammation of the brain (encephalitis).
  • Vaccinated people are less likely to pass on diseases to the small number of children or adults who are unable to be vaccinated for medical reasons (such as babies under 1 year of age, pregnant women, and people having chemotherapy).
71
Q

What are the disadvantages of MMR?

A
  • People may develope some localised swelling where they received the injection, have a non-infectious rash, mild cold and flu-like symptoms or a fever 7 to 10 days after the vaccination.
  • 1 in 1 million children experience a serious complication such as a severe allergic reaction or inflammation of the brain (encephalitis).
  • Epileptic seizures.
72
Q

What is active immunity?

A

•When the body creates its own antibodies. A vaccine creates active immunity.

73
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

•When someone is sick and is given an injection to help them fight the disease.

74
Q

Why are people’s immune systems weakened when they have a vaccine?

A

•The white blood cells start to respond to the inactive disease and produce antibodies to destroy fight and then destroy the pathogens. Also, the vaccine stimulates a small doze of the disease.

75
Q

What is MRSA?

A
  • Methicillian-resistant staphylococcus aureus.

* A strain of bacterium that is resistant to most antibiotics.

76
Q

What are the dangers of bacteria?

A
  • They can mutate producing new strains.
  • The new strain could antibiotic-resistant, so current treatments would no longer clear an infection.
  • The new strain could not encountered before and nobody would be immune to it.
  • An epidemic could be caused.
77
Q

What are the dangers of viruses?

A

•They mutate often- it makes it difficult to develop vaccines as their DNA changes so they have different antigens.

78
Q

What are T cells?

A
  • Phagocytes (the helper cells) they engulf pathogens.

* They have killer injections (antitoxins).

79
Q

What are the B cells?

A

•They are memory cells as they remember the different antigens, so they can identify foreign antigens that have entered the body.

80
Q

What are antibodies and antitoxins classified as?

A

•Specialised protein.

Biology 1 (9 decks)

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