B11 Flashcards
What is a hormone?
A hormone is a chemical substance that helps to regulate processes in the body
What is insulin
Controls your blood glucose
What is adrenaline
Prepares your body for fight or flight
blood carry hormones to target what
Blood carries hormones (insulin to target organs where it produces an effect
Where are hormones produced
Hormones are produced in various glands, called endocrine glands
What is the endocrine system
Its the collection of glands thay produce hormones to regulate certain things
Adrenal gland
- what hormones it produces
- what organs it targets
- what effect it has
Hormones:
- adrenalin
TARGET ORGANAS:
- vital organs. E.g. liver and heart
EFFECT:
- prepares body for action - “fight or flight”
Ovary
- what hormones it produces
- what organs it targets
- what effect it has
HORMONE:
- oestrogen
TARGET ORGANS:
- pvaries, uterus, pituitary gland
EFFECT:
- controls puberty
- controls menstrual cycle.
- stimulates production of LH
- inhibits(stops) the production of FSH in the pituitary gland.
Ovary
- what hormones it produces
- what organs it targets
- what effect it has
HORMONES:
- progesterone
TARGET ORGANS:
- uterus
EFFECT:
- maintains the lining of the womb
- supresses FSH production in the pituitary gland
PANCREAS
- what hormones it produces
- what organs it targets
- what effect it has
HORMONE:
- insulin
TARGET ORGANS:
- liver
EFFECT
- controls blood sugar levels
Pituitary gland
- what hormones it produces
- what organs it targets
- what effect it has
HORMONE
- anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
ORGAN
- kidney
EFFECT
- controls blood water level by triggering uptake of water in kidneys
Pituitary gland
- what hormones it produces
- what organs it targets
- what effect it has
HORMONE:
- FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
TARGET ORGAN:
- ovaries
EFFECT
- triggere egg ripening and oestrogen production in ovaries
Pituitary gland
- what hormones it produces
- what organs it targets
- what effect it has
HORMONE
- LH (luteinising hormone)
TARGET ORGANS
- ovaries
EFFECT
triggers egg release and progesterone
TESTES
-what hormones it produces
- what organs it targets
- what effect it has
HORMONE:
-testosterone
ORGAN:
- male reproductive organs
EFFECT:
- confeols puberty in males
What are the difference between nerves and hormones
Nerves:
- very fast action
- act for a very short time
- act on a very precise area
HORMONES:
- slower sction
- act for a long time
- act in a more general way
What is blood glucose concentration monitored and controlled by
Pancreas
If the blood is too high, ?? What would happen
If the blood glucose concentration is too high, the pancreas produces the hormone insulin that causes glucose to move from the blood into the cells.
In liver and muscle cells, excess glucose is converted to ?
Glycogen for storage
What are the two hormones used to control and monitor the level of glucose in your blood
Glucagon
Insulin
If the blood glucose concentration is too low,
the pancreas produces the hormone glucagon that causes glycogen to be converted into glucose and released into the blood
Describe the pituitary gland
The pituitary gland in the brain is a ‘master gland’ which secretes several hormones into the blood in response to body conditions. These hormones in turn act on other glands to stimulate other hormones to be released to bring about effects.
Excess glucose can be stored as and where
Glycogen in the liver and in the muscles
What is Type 1 diabetes
Type 1 diabetes is a disorder in which the pancreas fails to produce sufficient insulin. It is characterised by uncontrolled high blood glucose levels
What is Type 2 diabetes
In Type 2 diabetes the body cells no longer respond to insulin produced by the pancreas.
Explain how glucagon interacts with insulin in a negative feedback cycle to control blood glucose levels in the blood
- Stimulus (blood glucose level rises)
- the pancreas release insulin into the blood
- insulin removes the glucose from the blood and allowing it into cells and if full it will be taken up in the liver as glycogen (which is removing glucose from the blood)
- then the blood glucose declines
- stimulus ( blood glucose level falls)
- pancreas releases glucagon where it releases the stored glycogen into glucose.
- which is released into the blood increasing the glucose level in the blood
Glucagon
Hormone
Glycogen
Stored in the liver
How is Type 1 diabetes treated
With insulin injections and regular exercise
How is Type 2 diabetes treated?
A carbohydrate controlled diet and an exercise regime are common treatments.
What is a risk factor of Type 2 diabetes
Obesity
Where is glucose added to the blood
Small intestine
How is glucose used up in the body
Respiration, as glycgoen
BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL TOO LOW
GLUCAGON ADDED
BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL TOO HIGH
INSULIN IS ADDED
Excess glucose is stored as glycogen in which organ
Liver
What is hyperglycaemic
Blood glucose level is too high
What does thyroxine do?
Thyroxine ( made from iodine in your diet) from the thyroid gland stimulates the basal metabolic rate
What is Adrenaline produced by
Adrenaline is produced by the adrenal glands in times of fear or stress
What does adrenaline do
It increases heart rate and boosts the delivery of oxygen and glucose to the brain and muscles
What do negative feeback systems do
They work to maintain a steady state
What are primary sexual characteristics
Are the ones you are born with (ovaries and testes
In men the main reproductive hormone is _______. Its produced by the ______ and stimulates ________ ____________
Testosterone.
Testes
Sperm production
In women, the main reproductive hormone is ________. It’s produced by the ________. As well as bringing physical changes, oestrogen is also involved in the _______ cycle
Oestrogen
Ovaries
Menstrual
During puberty reproductive hormones cause secondary sexual characteristics to develop. Like what?
Facial hair and development of breasts in women
The main changes for puberty in females include
a growth spurt; the growth of hair under the arms and pubic hair; the breasts develop; the external genitals grow and the skin
darkens; a female pattern of fat is deposited on the hips, buttocks and thighs; the brain changes and matures; mature eggs start to form every month in
the ovaries, the uterus grows and becomes active and menstruation begins.
What are the mian changes in puberty with males
The main changes include a growth spurt; pubic hair, underarm hair and facial hair grow; the larynx gets bigger and the voice breaks; the external genitalia and the skin darkens; the testes grow and become
active, producing sperm throughout life; the shoulders and chest broaden as muscle develops; and the brain matures.
Diagram on sheet in book or page 168 of kerboodle for diagram of ovary and penis
What does FSH do (Follicle-stimulating hormone)
- produced in the pituitary gland
- causes an egg to mature in one of the pvaries, in a structure called a follicle
- stimulates the ovaries to produce oestrogen
What does LH (Luteinising hormone)
- produced by the pituitary gland
- stimulates the release of an egg at day 14 (ovulation)
What does oestrogen do?
- produced in the ovaries
- causes the lining of the uterus to growl
- stimulates the release of LH (which causes the release of an egg) and inhibits release of FSH
Explain the four stages of the menstrual cycle
Stage 1- Day 1 - menstruation starts. The uterus lining breaks down for about four days.
Stage 2 -The uterus lining builds up again, from day 4 to day 14, into a thick spongy layer full of blood
vessels, ready to receive a fertilised egg.
Stage 3- An egg develops and is released from the ovary at day 14 -this is called OVULATION.
Stage 4 -The wall is then maintained for about 14 days until day 28. If no fertilised egg has landed on the uterus wall by day 28, the spongy lining starts to break down and the whole cycle starts again.
What does progesterone do and where is it produced?
- produced in the ovaries by the remains of the follicle after ovulation.
- maintains the lining of uterus during second half ofncycle. When the level of progesterone falls, the lining breaks down.
- inhibits the release of LH and FSH
What is menstruation
Uterus lining breaks down, blood and cells are lost
What is ovulation
Release of an egg from the ovary
At puberty eggs begin to mature and one is released approximately every ? days.
28
Day 1 to 6
Menstruation (when she actually has her period
How does it work, advantages, disadvantages: oral contraceptives (the pill)
- contains oestrogen and progesterone (builds up mucus around cervix) to inhibit FSH
- 99% effective
- must remember to take every day.
- No STD protection.
- side effects like high blood pressure
How does it work, advantages, disadvantages: injection/implant/patch
-Contains oestrogen and progesterone to inhibit FSH
- don’t habe to remember to take it.
- No STD proection
- some side effects
How does it work, advantages, disadvantages:
(Barrier (condoms))
-Prevent sperm reaching the egg
-No side effects and protect against STD’s
- Can let sperm through if used incorrectly
How does it work, advantages, disadvantages: (intrauterine device (coil))
-Contain progesterone to prevent FSH production. Some have a copper coil to stop the embryo implanting
-Lasts for 3-5 years. Very effective
-Must be inserted by a doctor
Can cause discomfort or infections
How does it work, advantages, disadvantages: (spermicide)
- kill sperm
- readily available
- not very effective at preventing pregnancy
How does it work, advantages, disadvantages: (abstaining (not having sex at certain times
-Not having sex, or not having sex around the time of ovulation.
- no side effects
- very unreliable
How does it work, advantages, disadvantages:
(Sterilisation)
-Cut sperm ducts (vasectomy) or oviducts.
-Effective, permanent contraception
-Women need a general anaesthetic for the surgery
A diaphragm is
A shallow plastic cup thst fits over the cervix to form a barrier.
- it has to be used with spermicide.
Spermicide can be used …
Alone as a form of contraception, but it is not as effective (only 70-80percent)
Describe the natural methods of contraception
-Pregnancy may be avoided by finding out when in the menstrual cycle the woman is most fertile amd avoiding sexual intercourse on those days.
-it’s popular with people who think that hormonal and barrier methods are unnatural, but it’s not very effective
How does progesterone reduce fertility?
By stimulating the production of thick mucus which prevents any sperm getting through and reaching an egg.
What is auxin
A plant hormone thatcontrols growth near the tips of shoots and roots
What does auxin control
It controls the gworth of a plant in response to light (PHOTOTROPISM) and gravity(GEOTROPISM)
Where is auxins produced and what does it do there
It is produced in the TIPS and moves backwards to stimulate the cell elongationprocess which occurs in the cells just behind the tips
If the tip of a shoot is removed, what happens with the auxins
No auxin is available and the shoot may stop growing
Auxins promte growth in the ….. but inhibts growth in the ..
Shoot, root
