B1: Nature/Nurture debate Flashcards
Define nature?
Define Nurture?
Physical characteristics/behaviour’s that are biologically determined by genetic inheritance.
The influence that an environment has on an individual including social and environmental factors.
What is the interactionist approach?
The combination of nature and nurture. The interaction of genes and environment.
5 Examples of Nature?
5 Examples of Nurture?
NATURE
- Hair colour
- Skin colour
- Eye colour
- DNA
- Height
NURTURE
- Values
- Environment
- Socialisation
- Money
- Friends
Define determinism?
Define free-will?
The belief that your future is fixed or determined by either by what you have genetically inherited or your social environment/experiences.
The alternative to determinism is the belief that people can control their own life through the choices they make.
Explain the stress-diathesis model?
Psychological model to help explain how stress caused by life events (nurture) can interact with an individual’s genetic vulnerability (nature) to impact on their mental wellbeing.
Examples of nature theorists?
Examples of Nurture theorists?
1)
- Gesell’s - maturation theory.
- Bowlby’s theory of attachment.
- Chomsky LAD.
2)
- Bandura - SLT, environmental influences children learn from including imitation and role modelling.
Explain Gesell’s Maturation theory? (Nature)
Gesell looked into children’s biological maturation.
- Developed the ‘normative approach’ by observing children to find skills and abilities they had in each age group.
Findings:
- Children develop through similar and predictable sequences, but at their own pace.
- development was predetermined (genetics) and the environmental had little influence.
Explain Social learning theory?
Whats the 3 stages of this process?
- The view that people learn by observing others through the process of observation, imitation and modelling.
Explain Bandura’s social learning theory findings?
Bandura carried out many experiments into the effects of aggressive role models on the behaviour of children.
Findings:
- environmental influences children learn from including imitation and role modelling.
Describe meditational processes?
mental (cognitive) factors that intervene in the learning process to determine whether a new behaviour is acquired or not.
Bandura proposed 4 meditational processes, what are they?
ARRM
Attention: for a behaviour to be imitated, it has to grab our attention.
Retention: memory of the behaviour is formed.
Reproduction: the ability to imitate the behaviour.
Motivation: the rewards and punishments that follow a behaviour will be considered by the observer.
What are factors that affect SLT?
- same gender
- same age / older
- high status
- likeable
What is operant conditioning which was investigated by skinner?
Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which a new voluntary behaviour is associated with a consequence. Reinforcement (positive or negative) makes the behaviour more likely to occur, whereas punishment makes it less likely to occur.
What is positive reinforcement?
What is negative reinforcement?
The behaviour is repeated because of personal satisfaction or rewards.
The behaviour is not repeated to avoid an adverse experience such as lack of satisfaction or to avoid being told off.
