B1 - Cell Structure And Transport Flashcards
Living things are all made up of ________.
Cells.
1 KM = 1,000_.
M.
1M = 100__.
CM.
1MM = 1000__.
uM.
1uM = 1,000__.
NM.
When were the first Light Microscopes developed?
Mid-Seventeenth Century.
What do Light Microscopes magnify up to?
About x2,000.
What is a Light Microscope’s resolving power?
Around 200NM.
What do Electron Microscopes magnify up to?
Around x2,000,000.
What do Electron Microscopes have a resolving power of?
Around 0.2NM.
Which Formula do you use to calculate Magnification?
Magnification = Size Of Object / Size Of Real Object.
Resolution is the Ability to distinguish between two separate _________ and it is the Resolving _______ of a Microscope that affects how much Detail it can show.
Points…Power…
Cells that make up your Body are typical ________ Cells.
Animal.
How big is the average Animal Cell in uM?
10-30uM.
Human Beings are Animals, so Human ______ are just like most other Animal Cells.
Cells.
What does the Nucleus do?
It controls all the activities of a Cell and is surrounded by the Nuclear Membrane.
What does the Nucleus contain?
It contains the Genes on the Chromosomes that carry the instructions for making the Proteins needed to build New Cells or Organisms.
What is the Cytoplasm?
A Liquid Gel in which the Organelles are suspended and where most of the Chemical Reactions needed for making Life take place.
What does the Cell Membrane do?
It controls the passage of Substances such as Glucose and Mineral Ions into the Cell. It also controls the Movement of Substances out of the Cell, like Hormones.
What does the Mitochondria do?
It structures in the Cytoplasm where Aerobic Respiration takes place, releasing Energy for the Cell.
What is the Function of a Ribosome?
The Ribosomes is where Protein Synthesis takes place, making all the Proteins needed in a Cell.
What are the Five Common Features of an Animal Cell?
Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Mitochondria, Cell Membrane and Ribosomes.
Plants make their own Food by _________________.
Photosynthesis.
How large are Animals Cells in uM?
10-100uM.
Algae are simple Aquatic ___________.
Organisms.
All Plant and Algal Cells have a Cell ____ made of Cellulose that Strengthens the _____ and gives it support.
Wall…Cell…
What are found in all Green Parts of a Plant?
Chloroplasts.
What Green Substance do Chloroplasts contain?
Chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll absorbs _______ so the Plant can make Food by _________________.
Light…Photosynthesis…
A Permanent ________ is a Space in the Cytoplasm filled with Cell Sap which is important for keeping the Cell Rigid, which supports the _______.
Vacuole…Plant…
Root _____ do not have ______________ because they are underground and do not _______________.
Cells…Chloroplasts…Photosynthesise…
Animal and Plant Cells are examples of _____________ Cells.
Eukaryotic.
Eukaryotic Cells all have a Cell ___________, Cytoplasm and Genetic Material that is enclosed in the _________.
Membrane…Nucleus…
Genetic Material is a Chemical called ____.
DNA.
DNA forms Structures called _______________ that are contained within the Nucleus.
Chromosomes.
All Animals, Plants, Fungi and Protista are _____________.
Eukaryotes.
Bacteria are Single-Celled living ______________.
Organisms.
All Bacteria are ____________.
Prokaryotes.
Prokaryotic Cells (___________) have a Cytoplasm and _____ Membrane surrounded by a Cell _____.
Bacteria…Cell…Wall…
The Cell Wall of _____________ Cells (Bacteria) does not contain the Cellulose you see in _______ Cells.
Prokaryotic…Plant…
In Prokaryotic Cells, the Genetic __________ is not enclosed in a _________.
Material…Nucleus…
The Bacterial Chromosome is a Single ____ Loop found free in the Cytoplasm.
DNA.
Prokaryotic Cells (__________) may also contain extra small rings of ____ known as Plasmids.
Bacteria…DNA…
Plasmids Code for very specific Features such as Antibiotic _____________.
Resistance.
Some Bacteria have a protected Slime Capsule around the outside of the Cell _____.
Wall.
Some types of Bacteria have a long Protein strand that hangs out of the back called __________.
Flagella.
Types of Bacteria that have __________ use it to move around easily.
Flagella.
Bacteria can decompose and destroy stored _____.
Food.
Single Cells can carry out all the Functions of _____.
Life.
Some Cells become specialised to carry out particular _____.
Jobs.
As an Organism develops, Cells Differentiate to form different types of _____________ Cells.
Specialised.
Most Types of Animal Cells ________________ at an early Stage of Development.
Differentiate.
Many Types of _______ Cells retain the Ability to Differentiate throughout _____.
Plant…Life…
As a Cell Differentiates, it gets different Sub-Cellular ____________ that then enable it to carry out a particular Function.
Structures.
Some Specialised Cells work _______________.
Individually.
What are the examples of Specialised Cells that work Individually?
Sperm and Egg Cells.
Some Specialised _____ are adapted to work as part of a Tissue, an ______ or a Whole Organism.
Cells…Organ…
Nerves ______ are Specialised to carry Electrical ____________ around the Body of an Animal.
Cells…Impulses…
Nerve Cells provide a rapid Communication ________ between the different parts of the _____.
System…Body…
Nerve Cells have lots of ___________ to make connections to other Nerve Cells.
Dendrites.
Nerve Cells have an Axon that carries the Nerve _________ from one place to another.
Impulse.
Nerve endings or ____________ are adapted to pass the Impulses to another _____, or between a Nerve Cell and a Muscle Cell in the Body using Special Transmitter ____________.
Synapses…Cell…Chemicals…
Synapses contain lots of Mitochondria to provide the Energy needed to make the Transmitter ___________.
Chemicals.
Muscle Cells are Specialised _______ that can _________ and Relax.
Cells…Contract…
Striated (________) Muscle ______ work together in Tissues called Muscles.
Striped…Cells…
What are the Three Main Adaptations of Striated Muscle Cells?
They contain Special Proteins, they contain many Mitochondria and they can store Glycogen.
Sperm Cells are usually released a long way from the ___ they are going to Fertilise.
Egg.
Sperm Cells contain Genetic ___________ from the _____ Parent.
Information…Male…
Sperm Cells sometimes need to move through Water or the Female Reproductive ________ to reach an ___.
System…Egg…
What are the Four Adaptations of Sperm Cells?
A Long Tail, the Middle section being full of Mitochondria, the Acrosome which stores Digestive Enzymes and a Large Nucleus containing all the Genetic Information.
Where do you find Root Hair Cells?
Close to the tips of Growing Roots.
Plants need to take in lots of ________ (and Dissolved Mineral Ions).
Water.
What do Root Hair Cells help Plants do?
To take up Water and Mineral Ions more efficiently.
Root Hair Cells are always very close to the _______ Tissue.
Xylem.
What does the Xylem Tissue carry?
Water and Mineral Ions up into the rest of the Plant.
Mineral ____ are moved into the Root Hair Cell by Active ________.
Ions…Transport…
Root Hair Cells increase the Surface _____ for Water to move into the _____.
Area…Cell…
Root Hair Cells have a Large Permanent _________ that speeds up the movement of _______ by Osmosis from the Soil across the Root _____ Cell.
Vacuole…Water…Hair…
Root Hair Cells have many Mitochondria that transfer the _______ needed for the Active Transport of __________ Ions into the _____ Hair Cells.
Energy…Mineral…Root…
Plants can make their own Food by _______________.
Photosynthesis.
Photosynthetic Cells are _______ Cells that can carry out Photosynthesis.
Plant.
Photosynthetic Cells contain Specialised _______ Structures called Chloroplasts containing ______________ that trap the Light needed for Photosynthesis.
Green…Chlorophyll…
Photosynthetic Cells are usually positioned in continuous layers in the ________ and outer layers of the Stem of a ________ so they absorb as much Light as possible.
Leaves…Plant…
Photosynthetic Cells have a Large Permanent _________ that helps keep the ______ rigid as a result of Osmosis.
Vacuole…Cell…
Xylem is the Transport ________ in Plants that carries Water and Mineral _____ from the Roots to the Highest Leaves and Shoots.
Tissues…Ions…
The Xylem is important in supporting the _______.
Plant.
The Xylem is made up of Xylem ______.
Cells.
Xylem Cells are alive when they are first formed but a Special Chemical called ________ builds up in spirals in the Cell ______.
Lignin…Walls…
When Xylem Cells die, they form long hollow Tubes that allow Water and __________ Ions to move easily through them, from one end of the ________ to another.
Mineral…Plant…
The Spirals and rings of ________ in the Xylem Cells make them very strong and help them withstand the pressure of _______ moving up the Plant.
Lignin…Water…
Phloem is the Specialised Transport _______ that carries Food made by __________________ around the Body of the Plant.
Tissue…Photosynthesis…
It is made up of Phloem _______ that form Tubes rather like Xylem Cells, but Phloem Cells do not become ____________ and Die.
Cells…Lignified…
The Dissolved Food from ________ Cells can move up and down the Phloem ______ to where it is needed.
Phloem…Tubes…
The Cell Walls between the Cells break down to form Special Sieve ________, which allow _______ carrying Dissolved Food to move more freely up and down the Tubes to where it is needed.
Plates…Water…
Phloem Cells lose a lot of their Internal ___________ but they are supported by companion Cells that help to keep them alive.
Structures.
The Mitochondria of the _____________ Cells (in Phloem Cells) transfer the Energy needed to move _____________ Food up and down the _______ in Phloem.
Companion…Dissolved…Plant…
Your Cells need to take in Substances such as _________ and Oxygen for Respiration.
Glucose.
Cells need to get rid of Waste Products and ___________ that are needed elsewhere in the Body.
Chemicals.
Dissolved Substances and _______ can move into and out of your Cells across the Cell ___________.
Gases…Membrane…
What are one of the Main Ways in which Cells move?
Through Diffusion.
Diffusion is the spreading out of ____________ of a Gas or of any Substance in ___________ (a Solute).
Particles…Solution…
Diffusion results in the Net Movement (overall ___________) of Particles.
Movement.
The Net Movement of Diffusion is from an Area of ____ Concentration to an Area of Low _______________.
High…Concentration…
Diffusion takes place because of the Random __________ of the Particles (Molecules or _____).
Movement…Ions…
The ________ of Particles during ___________ causes them to bump into each other, and this moves them all around.
Motion…Diffusion…
If there is a Big Difference in _______________ between Two Areas, ___________ will take place quickly.
Concentration…Diffusion…
If there is only a Small Difference in ________________ between Two Areas, the ____ Movement by Diffusion will be quite slow.
Concentration…Net…
What is an Equation for Diffusion?
Net Movement = Particles Moving In - Particles Moving Out.
The Greater the Difference in _______________, the ________ the Rate of Diffusion.
Concentration…Faster…
The Difference between Two Areas of Concentration is called the:
Concentration Gradient.
What affects the Rate of Diffusion?
Temperature.
With Diffusion, an Increase in Temperature means the Particles in a ____ or a Solution move around more ___________.
Gas…Quickly…
An Increase in Temperature means Diffusion takes place more rapidly as Random __________ of the Particles speed up.
Movement.
Dissolved Substances move into and out of your ______ by Diffusion across the Cell ___________.
Cells…Membrane…
In Diffusion, what are examples of Dissolved Substances?
Simple Sugars (Glucose), Gases (Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide) and Waste Products (Urea).
The Urea passes from the Liver ______ into the Blood _______ and is excreted by the Kidneys.
Cells…Plasma…
Oxygen you need for Respiration passes from the ____ in your Lungs into the your Red ________ Cells through the Cell Membranes by ____________.
Air…Blood…Diffusion…
During Diffusion, ___________ moves down a Concentration Gradient from a Region of _____ Oxygen Concentration to a Region of Low __________ Concentration.
Oxygen…High…Oxygen…
Oxygen moves by Diffusion down a Concentration _________ from the Blood _______ into the Cells of the Body where it is needed.
Gradient…Cells…
Individual _______ may be adapted to make Diffusion easier and more rapid.
Cells.
What is the Most Common Adaptation of Individual Cells in Diffusion?
To Increase the Surface Area of the Cell Membrane.
Membranes that only let some Types of Particles through are called Partially Permeable ___________.
Membranes.
Partially Permeable _____ Membranes let _______ move across them.
Cell…Water…
A Dilute Solution of _______ contains a High Concentration of _______ (the Solvent). It has a Low _______________ of Sugar (the _________).
Sugar…Water…Concentration…Solvent…
A Concentrated ______ Solution contains a Relatively ____ Concentration of Water and a High _______________ of Sugar.
Sugar…Low…Concentration…
The Cytoplasm of a _____ is made up of Chemicals Dissolved in Water inside a ____________ Permeable Cell Membrane.
Cell…Partially…
The Cytoplasm contains a fairly _______________ Solution of Salts and ________.
Concentrated…Sugars…
Water moves from a ______ Solution (with a High Concentration of Water _____________) to a Concentrated Solution (with fewer Water Molecules in a given ________) across the Membrane of the Cell.
Dilute…Molecules…Volume…
What is the Special Type of Diffusion where Water only moves across a Partially Permeable Membrane from a Dilute Solution to a Concentrated Solution?
Osmosis.
Concentration of Solutes inside your Body _______ need to stay at the same ________ for them to work.
Cells…Level…
If the Concentration of __________ in the Solution outside the Cell is the SAME as the __________ Concentration, the Solution is Isotonic to the _____.
Solutes…Internal…Cell…
If the Concentration of Solutes in the Solution outside the _____ is HIGHER than the Internal _______________, the __________ is Hypertonic to the Cell.
Cell…Concentration…Solution…
If the Concentration of Solutes in the __________ outside the Cell is LOWER than the __________ Condition, the Solution is Hypertonic to the _____.
Solution…Internal…Cell…
If a Cell uses up ______ in its Chemical Reactions, the Cytoplasm becomes more _____________.
Water…Concentrated…
Animal Cells can be damaged if the _______________ outside the ______ changes dramatically.
Concentration…Cell…
Plants rely on Osmosis to support their Stems and ________.
Leaves.
Water moves into Plant Cells by __________.
Osmosis.
How does Pressure build through Osmosis in Plants?
The Vacuole swells, which makes the Cytoplasm press against the Plant Cell Wall.
Pressure in Plant Cell Osmosis builds until there is no more _______ that can enter the Cell. This pressure is known as _______.
Water…Turgor…
Turgor Pressure makes the Cell hard and ______, which keeps the Leaves and Stems of the Plant rigid and _____.
Rigid…Firm…
If more Water is lost by __________, the Vacuole and ____________ shrink and the Cell Membrane pulls away from the Cell. This is known as _____________.
Osmosis…Cytoplasm…Plasmolysis…
What can you use to Measure Osmosis in Plant Cells?
Osmometer.
What are the Two Ways Cells move Substances?
Diffusion and Active Transport.
Active __________ allows Cells to move Substances from an _____ of Low Concentration to an Area of _____ Concentration. This movement is ____________ the Concentration Gradient.
Transport…Area…High…Against…
Active Transport also helps Cells to move _______________ from one Place to another through the Cell __________.
Substances…Membrane…
If a Cell Respires and releases a lot of ________, it can carry out lots of Active __________.
Energy…Transport…
Active Transport is widely used in ______.
Cells.
By using _______ Transport, Plants can Absorb certain Mineral _____.
Active…Ions…
Single-Celled ____________ have a relatively Large Surface _____ to Volume ______.
Organisms…Area…Ratio…
As Living Organisms get ________, their __________ Area to Volume Ratio gets Smaller.
Bigger…Surface…
What are the Four Adaptations for Exchanging Materials?
Having a Large Surface Area, Having a Thin Membrane, Having an Efficient Blood Supply, and being Ventilated.
Air is moved in and out of your ______ when you Breathe, Ventilating millions of tiny Air sacs called __________.
Lungs…Alveoli…
What is an Example of an Adaptation of a Fish?
They have Gills.
