B and C

Question 1

Ba’ath Party

Answer 1

A political party advocating Arab unity, socialism, and secularism, dominant in Iraq and Syria under Saddam Hussein and Hafez al-Assad, respectively.

Question 2

Balfour Declaration

Answer 2

A 1917 statement by Britain supporting the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine, laying groundwork for later conflicts.

Question 3

Bantustans

Answer 3

Tribal homelands created under apartheid in South Africa to segregate black populations and deny them citizenship rights.

Question 4

Bay of Pigs

Answer 4

A failed 1961 U.S.-backed invasion of Cuba by Cuban exiles aiming to overthrow Fidel Castro’s communist government.

Question 5

Berlin Wall

Answer 5

A physical barrier erected in 1961 dividing East and West Berlin, symbolizing Cold War tensions until its fall in 1989.

Question 6

Black Consciousness

Answer 6

A South African anti-apartheid movement led by Steve Biko, emphasizing black pride, unity, and self-reliance.

Question 7

Boris Yeltsin

Answer 7

First President of the Russian Federation (1991–1999), overseeing the transition from communism to a market economy amid political and economic turmoil.

Question 8

Camp David Agreement

Answer 8

A 1978 peace treaty brokered by the U.S. between Egypt and Israel, leading to Egypt recognizing Israel as a state.

Question 9

Charles DeGaulle

Answer 9

French general and statesman who led Free France during WWII and established the Fifth Republic, serving as its first president.

Question 10

Chiang Kai Shek

Answer 10

Leader of the Chinese Nationalist Party (Guomindang), who fought against communists and retreated to Taiwan after the Chinese Civil War.

Question 11

Chinese Communist Party (CCP)

Answer 11

The ruling party of China since 1949, led initially by Mao Zedong, advocated Marxism-Leninism and socialism with Chinese characteristics.

Question 12

Clash of Civilizations

Answer 12

A theory by Samuel Huntington suggests future conflicts will arise from cultural and religious differences rather than ideological or economic divides.

Question 13

Communalism

Answer 13

A system or ideology emphasizing loyalty to one’s own ethnic or religious group over wider societal integration.

Question 14

Congress Party

Answer 14

The Indian National Congress, a major political party instrumental in India’s independence movement and dominant in post-independence politics.

Question 15

Counter-insurgency

Answer 15

Military and political strategies aimed at defeating armed rebellions or uprisings, often involving economic and psychological warfare.

Question 16

Cuban Missile Crisis

Answer 16

A 1962 Cold War confrontation between the U.S. and USSR over Soviet missiles in Cuba, nearly leading to nuclear war.