Axial skeleton Flashcards
What are the three main functions of the vertebral column?
- Transmits weight of trunk to lower limbs
- Surrounds and protects spinal cord
- Support the head
what are the different parts of the vertebrae called how many are in each?
photo lec 7
Cervical vertebrae (7) – neck Thoracic vertebrae (12)- thoracic cage Lumbar vertebrae (5)- Lower back Sacrum (5 fused) – pelvis Coccyx (4 fused) – tail bone
what is kyphosis? (picture)
- Excessive curvature of the thoracic spine outward
what is lordosis? (Pic)
- Excessive curvature of the lumbar spine inwards
what is scoliosis? pic
- Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
what is the difference between Atlas (C1) ans Axis (C2) and other vertebrae
Atlas (C1)
- No body or spinous process
- Consists of anterior and posterior arches, and two lateral masses
- Superior surfaces of Lateral masses articulate with the occipital condyles
Axis (C2)
- Dens projects superiorly into the anterior arch of the atlas
What is The reason for these unique features on the Atlas (C1) and Axis (C2) (the joint between these 2 vertebrae)(dens, articular facet for dens) on the axis and atlas?
It is what can make us do the movement NO with our head.
What is the atlanto-axis joint?
its the joint formed between the C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis)
what are the differences between the Cervical, Thoratic, Lumbar, Sacral vertebrae
Cervical (C1 -C7) - • Body as an Oval shape
•Spinous process Short and bifid
•Vertebral foramen triangular
•The transverse process contains Transverse foramen
(passage for vertebral arteries)
Thoracic Vertebrae (T1- T12) - • All articulate with ribs at facets and demifacets
• Long spinous process
• Location of articular facets allows roatation of this area of spine
Lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5) - • Short, thick pedicles and laminae
•Flat hatchet-shaped spinous processes
•Orientation of articular facets locks lumbar vertebrae together so as to prevent rotation
Sacrum
- Consists of 5 fused vertebrae (S1-S5)
- Forms posterior wall of pelvis
Coccyx
- “Tailbone”
- 3-5 fused vertebrae
What is the thoracic cage formed by?? (4 parts)
- Sternum
- Ribs
- Costal cartilages
- Thoracic vertebrae
What are is the function of the thoracic cage
- Enclose and protect the organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavaties
- Provide support for the bones of the upper limbs
- Play a role in breathing
How many Pairs of ribs are there?
There are 12 pairs of ribs, one per thoracic vertebrae
whats the difference between true and false ribs and how many of each
- “true” Ribs (1-7)
- Attach to the sternum directly through costal cartilage - “False” Ribs (8-12)
- Do not attach to the sternum directly
- Ribs 8,9,10 attach to rib 7 by cartilage
- Rib 11 & 12 are free and called “floating ribs”
what are the three fused bones
The sternum consists of 3 fused bones
- Manubrium
- Body
- Xiphoid process
How many cranial and facial bones are in the skull
- Cranial bones (8 bones)
2. Facial bones (14 bones)
What are the main functions of the skull? (6 functions)
- Protects the brain
- Framework of the face
- Cavities for the special sense organs (eyes, nose, ears, mouth)
- Provide the main opening to the external environment (for food and air)
- Secure the teeth
- Anchor facial muscles to the face
what are the main cranial bones of the skull?
“PEST OF 6” - 6 bones that make up first letter of PEST OF
- Parental bones (2)
- Ethmoid bone
- Sphenoid bone
- Temporal bones (2)
- Occipital bone
- Frontal bone
Diagram of skull PHOTO
PHOTO
What is the Frontal bone?
The frontal bone makes up the forehead, part of the orbit, and part of the boney nose.
Contains cavities lined with mucus membrane, called sinuses
what is the parietal bones?
Two parietal bones make up the sides and roof of the cranium.
Roughly square-shaped
The borders of the parietal bones form joins with the other bones called sutures.
what is the occipital bone?
The occiput is the most inferior part of the cranium
It articulates with the spine through the occipital condyle.
There are several foramina for the entry and exit of vessels and the spinal cord
what is the Temporal bones?
The two temporal bones form the sides of the cranium (temples)
They house the ear structures
Form part of the cheek bone, with the zygomatic process
what is the Sphenoid Bone
The Sphenoid Bone forms part of the orbit of the eye, side of the skull, and base of the skull.
Houses the pituity gland (in the sella turcica)
What is the ethmoid bone?
The Ethmoid bone separates the nasal cavity from the brain
Forms part of the base of the skull
What are the 4 main sutures of the brain?
- Coronal suture – between parietal bones and frontal bone
- Sagittal – between right and left parietal bones
- Lambdoid suture – between parietal bones and occipital bone
- Squamous (squamosal) sutures – between parietal and temporal bones on each side of skull
There are 14 bones which make up the face, with 6 being paired (only 9 to remember)
“Many Monkeys Live In Very Nice Public Zoos”
- Mandible = lower jaw
- Maxillae (2)= upper Jaw bone
- Lacrimals (2) = Tear ducts
- Inferior nasal conchae (2)
- Vomer = Nasal cavity septum
- Nasals (2) = Bridge of the nose
- Palatines (2) = Palate
- Zygomatics (2) = Cheek bones
diagram of face bones PHOTO
PHOTO
