Appendicular skeleton upper limbs

Question 1

What are the 4 regions of the upper limb?

Answer 1

1. pectoral/shoulder girdle
   - Clavicle and scapula
2. Arm
   - Humerus
3. Forearm
   - Radius and Ulnar
4. Wrist and Hand
   - Multiple bones

Question 2

What are the two bones that make up the pectoral girdle?

Answer 2

1. Scapula (shoulder blade)

2. Clavicle (Collar bone)

Question 3

Clavicle (collarbone) where does it join? what is its purpose

Answer 3

The clavicle joins with the sternum medially and the scapula laterally
- acts as a brace and is commonly fractured

Question 4

how do dislocations (luxations) occur?

Answer 4

– Occur when bones are forced out of alignment of the joint

- caused by serious falls or playing sports

Question 5

what is a subluxation?

Answer 5

• partial dislocation of a joint

can be caused by a fall on an adducted or extended shoulder

Question 6

What are the 5 types of fractures? (get picture)

Answer 6

1. Simple (closed): Skin is intact, and bone parts may be aligned or displaced
2. Compund (open): Skin is broken, and the bone parts have moved
3. Incomplete/Greenstick: Bone splits longitudinally
4. Complete/ Comminuted: More than one fracture at the same location
5. Impacted: The two broken ends are forced into one another

Question 7

what is the Scapulas (flat bone) landmarks?

put photo here

Answer 7

• 3 fossa (= a shallow depression muscle attachment)
• 3 angles (=corners)
• 3 borders (= edges)
• 2 processes (= an outgrowth or protuberance)
• 2 tubercles (= small projection)
• 1 cavity (=hollow)

Question 8

What are the three main fossa on scapula?

print photo off hollys week 3 lec 5

Answer 8

dorsal/posterior surface:

1. Supraspinatus fossa (above spine fossa)
2. infraspinatus fossa (inferior (below) spine fossa)

Ventral/anterior surface
3. Subscapula fossa

Question 9

What are the 4 rotator cuff muscles and what are there movements?

(picture)

Answer 9

1. Subscapularis – Rotates humerus medially – fits into subscapular fossa
2. Supraspinatus – Abducts humerus – located in the supraspinous fossa
3. Infraspinatus – Laterally rotates and adducts humerus – sits in the infraspinous fossa
4. Teres Minor – Laterally rotates and adducts humerus

Question 10

What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint (shoulder) and what are the reinforcing ligaments?
(get picture)

Answer 10

• Ball and socket joint
• Coracohumeral ligament = which helps support the weight of the upper limb
• three glenohumeral ligaments = somewhat weak anterior reinforcements

Question 11

what do bursae do and where are they located?

picture

Answer 11

found surrounding the joint capsule, they provide cushioning over the joint capsule, muscle and bone reducing friction

Question 12

What does the humerus articulate (joins) with?

Picture of humerus and labels

Answer 12

Superiorly with The humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula, and inferiorly with the radius and ulna at the elbow

Question 13

What muscles attach to the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus

Answer 13

Greater tubercle - posterior and lateral to lesser tubercle, site of attachment for supraspinatus, infraspinatus and teres minor muscles
Lesser tubercle - lies anterior to greater tubercle, site of attachment of subscapularis muscle

Question 14

What muscle runs through the intertubercular sulcus (on the humerus) and what does it attach to?

Answer 14

the long tendon of the bicep muscle (long head bicep brachii) runs between the intertubercular sulcus before attaching to the supraglenoid tubercle

Question 15

What muscle attaches to the deltoid tuberosity?

Answer 15

this is where the deltoid muscle of the shoulder attaches to the humerus

Question 16

What two bones articulate with the distal humerus? and what part of the humerus do they attach?

Answer 16

The capitulum (head)corresponds to the radius 
and the ulna corresponds with the trochlea (pulley)

Question 17

what are the two fossa in the anterior distal humerus?

and the one fossa in the posterior distal humerus?

Answer 17

1. coronoid fossa - receives the coronoid process of the ulna in extension
2. Radial fossa - receives the anterior part of the radius in flexion

Question 18

what are the two fossa in the anterior distal humerus?

and the one fossa in the posterior distal humerus?

Answer 18

fossas in the anterior distal
1. coronoid fossa - receives the coronoid process of the ulna in extension
2. Radial fossa - receives the anterior part of the radius in flexion
fossa in the posterior distal
1. olecranon fossa - receives the olecranon during extension

Question 19

What are the main landmarks on the radius and ulna?

pictures!!!!!

Answer 19

Below the radial neck is a bony prominence called the radial tuberosity, which is the site of attachment of the distal biceps tendon (remember the proximal biceps tendon attaches to the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula via the intratubercular sulcus)

Question 20

what are the 5 different types of bones that make up the hand?

(picture)

Answer 20

1. Carpal bones (8)
2. Metacarpal bones (5)
3. Proximal phalanges (5)
4. Intermediate phalanges (4)
5. Distal phalanges (5)

Question 21

What are the 8 different types of carpal bones?
remember
Some Lovers Try Positions That They Cant Handle

Picture lec 5

Answer 21

Proximal row (lateral to medial)
1.	Scaphoid
2.	Lunate 
3.	Triquetrum
4.	Pisiform
Distal row (lateral to medial) 
1.      Trapezium
2.	Trapezoid 
3.	Capitate 
4.	Hamate

Question 22

What are the names of the 5 metacarpal bones?

Answer 22

Five metacarpal bones (#1 to #5) from the palm, start from thumb

Question 23

how many phalanges are in each finger and what are they called

Answer 23

• Each finger, except thumb, has three phalanges = distal/middle/proximal
• Thumb has no phalanx

Question 24

diagram of hand (pic)

Answer 24

(PIC)