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Kinesiology-Biomechanics > Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

Ligamentum Flavum

A

Limits and “softens” end range intervertebral flexion

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2
Q

Supraspinous and interspinous ligaments

A

Limit Flexion

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3
Q

Intertransverse Ligaments

A

Limits contralateral lateral flexion and forward flexion

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4
Q

Anterior longitudinal Ligament

A

limits extension or excessive lordosis in the cervical and lumbar regions; reinforces the anterior sides of the intervertebral discs

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5
Q

Posterior Longitudinal ligament

A

Limits flexion; reinforces the posterior sides of the intervertebral discs

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6
Q

Capsules of the apophyseal joints

A

Strengthen the apophyseal joints

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7
Q

Cervical Spine Coupled Motion Rule

A

C2-C7: Ipsilateral coupling

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8
Q

Thoracic Spine Coupled Motion Rule

A

T1 & T2 follow cervical rule
T3-T7 have contralateral coupling
T8-T12 follow lumbar rule

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9
Q

Lumbar Spine Coupled Motion Rule

A

When extended (Contralateral coupling)

When flexed (Ipsilateral coupling)

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10
Q

Role of Annulus Fibrosus

A

contains Nucleus Pulposus and provides resistance to tension. Enhances spines rotational stability

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11
Q

Role of Nucleus Pulposus

A

provides spine with shock absorption during movement.

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12
Q

Anterior Pelvic Tilt

A

Extends the lumbar spine and increases lordosis. This action tends to shift the nucleus pulposus anteriorly and reduces the diameter of the intervertebral foramen.

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13
Q

Posterior Pelvic Tilt

A

Flexes the lumbar spine and decreases the lordosis. This action tends to shift the nucleus pulposus posteriorly and increases the diameter of the intervertebral foramen.

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14
Q

Thoracic spine close packed position

A

extension

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15
Q

Transverse and Spinous Processes

A

provide mechanical outriggers, or levers, that increase the mechanical leverage of muscles and ligaments.

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16
Q

Apophyseal joints

A

primarily responsible for guiding intervertebral motion, much as railroad tracks guide the direction of a train.

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17
Q

Interbody joints

A

primary function of these joints is to absorb and distribute loads across the vertebral column

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18
Q

Atlanto-Occipital Joint

A

provides independent movement of the cranium relative to the atlas (C1). Two Degrees of freedom.

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19
Q

Transverse ligament of the atlas

A

essential to the horizontal plane stability of the atlanto-axial articulation, without it, the atlas can slip anteriorly and damage the spinal cord.

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20
Q

Tectorial membrane

A

the ligament likely provides generalized multidirectional stability to the craniocervical junction.

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21
Q

Alar Ligaments

A

also known as ”check ligaments”, ability to resist, or check, axial rotation of the head-and-atlas relative to the dens. It is relatively loose in the anatomical position but becomes increasingly taut during axial rotation.

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22
Q

Atlanto-Axial Joint

A

two articular components: a median joint and a pair of laterally positioned apophyseal joints.

Allows 2 degrees of freedom, horizontal rotation and flexion/extension.

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23
Q

Thoracic Spine Flexion

A

30-40 degrees

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24
Q

Thoracic spine extension

A

15-20 degrees

25
Q

thoracic spine rotation

A

25-35 degrees

26
Q

Thoracic spine lateral flexion

A

25-30 degrees

27
Q

Sacroiliac Joint

A

Auricular surfaces (sacrum, ilium), transfer forces between LE and thorax, very little motion

28
Q

Anterior SI ligament

A

thickening of the anterior and inferior regions of the capsule, stabilizer of the SI joint.

29
Q

Interosseous Ligament

A

strongest ligament of the SI joint.

30
Q

Short and long posterior SI ligament

A

Stability, prevent forward tilting of the sacral promontory.

31
Q

Sacrospinous Ligament

A

assist in pelvic stability. The ligament works with the sacrotuberous ligament to prevent rotation of the illum past the sacrum

32
Q

Sacrotuberous Ligament

A

assists in pelvic stability, prevents the sacrum from tipping forward when downward pressure is applied to the spine.

33
Q

Nutation

A

Sacrum rotates anteriorly relative to ilium
Nutated = close packed SIJ

34
Q

Counternutation

A

Sacrum rotates posteriorly relative to ilium

35
Q

Function of the sacroiliac joint

A

(1) a stress relief mechanism within the pelvic ring and (2) a stable means for load transfer between the axial skeleton and lower limbs.

36
Q

Dorsal Nerve Root

A

contain primarily ”incoming” (afferent) dendrites, with the cell body of the neuron located in an adjacent dorsal root ganglion.

37
Q

Ventral Nerve Root

A

contains primarily “outgoing” (efferent) axons that supply motor commands to muscles and other effector organs associated with the autonomic nervous system.

38
Q

Dorsal Ramus

A

forms nerves that innervate, in general, the muscles, joints, and skin of the posterior trunk and neck.

39
Q

Ventral Ramus

A

forms nerves that innervate, in general, the muscles, joints, and skin of the anterior-lateral trunk and neck, and the extremities.

40
Q

Trapezius Action

A

Descending part elevates scapula, ascending part depresses scapula, middle retracts scapula. Descending and ascending parts act together to rotate the glenoid cavity superiorly

41
Q

Latissimus Dorsi Action

A

Extends, adducts, and internally rotates the humerus

42
Q

Levator Scapulae Action

A

elevate scap, rotates glenoid cavity inferiorly by rotating scapula

43
Q

Rhomboids

A

Retracts the scap, rotates glenoid cavity inferiorly

44
Q

Serratus Posterior Superior and Inferior Action

A

Proprioceptive, superior muscle elevates ribs while the inferior portion depresses the ribs.

45
Q

Serratus Anterior

A

protracts the scapula

46
Q

Erector Spinae Muscles

A

extends spine, laterally flexes

47
Q

Semispinalis Muscles

A

Extension and contralateral rotation of the head, cervical, and thoracic regions

48
Q

Scalenes muscle action (anterior, middle, posterior)

A

Anterior and middle portions elevates first rib and bends neck, posterior portion elevates 2nd rib and bends neck

49
Q

Longus Colli action

A

Resists lordosis (ant fibers), vertical stabilizer (lat fibers)

50
Q

Longus capitis

A

Flexes head

51
Q

Rectus capitis anterior

A

flexes head at AO

52
Q

Rectus capitis lateralis

A

flexes head laterally to same side at AO

53
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

A

Bilaterally: mid/lower cervical flexion, slight upper cervical extension

Unilaterally: Contralateral rotation, ipsilateral lat-flexion

54
Q

Rectus capitis posterior major action

A

extends and rotates head to same side

55
Q

Rectus capitis posterior minor action

A

Extends head

56
Q

Obliquus capitis inferior action

A

rotates atlas to turn face to same side

57
Q

Obliquus capitis superior action

A

extends and bends head laterally

58
Q

Quadratus Lumborum action

A

Extensor bilaterally and lateral flexor unilaterally

Kinesiology-Biomechanics (10 decks)

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