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Australia Flashcards

1
Q

Which area in Australia is phylloxera free

A

S Australia
Western Australia
Tasmania

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2
Q

Grape growing states in Australia

A 
Southern Australia 
Victoria
New south wales
Tasmania
Western Australia
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3
Q

Australia is relatively flat so maritime influences spread considerably inland true or false

A

True

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4
Q

Trellising techniques used in south Australia to manage vigour

A

Scott henry & Smart Dyson for new plantings

Old vine bush vines naturally lower vigour

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5
Q

What are the main hazards for growing grapes in Australia

A 
Drought - drip irrigation
Birds - netting
Kangaroos - no solution 
Soil salinty - rootstock and more water less frequently (insufficient rain to take salt deposits from irrigated water away, causes lack of water uptake & vine death), Chardonnay sensitive)
Bush fire - smoke taint, bitter
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6
Q

Why is Australian viticulture mainly mechanised

A

Cost of labour
Harvest @ night
Quick
Availability of labour

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7
Q

Why do some producers harvest by hand in Australia for more expensive wines

A

Limits grapes splitting & crushes
Selection of fruit
Whole bunches required for fermentation

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8
Q

What are the main grape varieties in Australia

A 
Shiraz (25%)
Chardonnay (20%)
Cab sav (15%)
Merlot
Sau blanc
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9
Q

Why are new vineyards often grafted

A

Ensure no phylloxera risk

Combat salinty & acid in soil

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10
Q

Which areas have open canopies to max air flow

A

Adelaide hills
S victoria
Hunter valley
Parts tasmania

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11
Q

Pinot noir winemaking

A

Some whole bunch fermentation- aromas
Some cold soaking - colour & flavour
French osk
But % of new oak reducing

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12
Q

Picking & wine making techniques for semillon in hunter valley

A

Harvest early - low sugar, high acidity
Inert winemaking
No oak

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13
Q

South Australia is 50% of the total harvested fruit which areas does it cover

A 
Barossa
Eden valley
Adelaide hills
Clare valley
McLaren vale
Coonawarra
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14
Q

Wine making shiraz Australia

A

Trend more approachable, less extractive
Whole bunch fermentation &/or less oak
French as well as American oak
Open fermentation tanks - punch down for softer extraction

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15
Q

Style of hunter valley Semillon

A

L abv
Neutral flavours youth
Honey & toast with age

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16
Q

Riesling winemaking premium Australia

A

Some only free run juice = h sugar, h acidity, low phenolics

Other pre fermentation skin contact & lees

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17
Q

Australias gi hierarchy split into 3 what are they

A

Zones
Regions
Sub regions

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18
Q

Describe zones

A

Large area e.g victoria to smaller areas e.g barossa

Dont have to have shared geographical or climate features

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19
Q

Descibe regions in Australia

A

Coonawarra, clare valley

Consistent & distinct character

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20
Q

Describe sub regions Australia

A

Recognise particular soil, climatr or topography

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21
Q

Wine labelled as se Australia zone are generally

A

High volume brands
Grapes sourced fertile soil, irrigated vineyards
S Australia, Victoria, new south wales

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22
Q

Barossa valley is known for which grapes

A

Shiraz (66%)
Cab sav
Grenache (rhone blends & some varietal)
Semillon

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23
Q

What are the 2 styles of shiraz in Australia

A 
Hotter regions eg barossa
F body
H abv
Soft tannins
Leather & spice with age
Pronounced black fruits

Cooler regions:
M abv
Less fruity - red & black
Black pepper

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24
Q

Climate murray darling

A

Hot continental

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25
Q

Barossa style Semillon

A

H abv
F body
Oak
Lower acidity

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26
Q

Viticulture old vines barossa valley

A

Dry farmed
Bush vines
Low yields
Complex

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27
Q

Wines labelled barossa come from which valleys

A

Barossa valley

Clare valley

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28
Q

Barossa valley climate

A

Warm - hot days cooler nights
Sheltered
Dry - low rainfall, irrigation

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29
Q

Eden valley grape varieties

A

Riesling (1/3)

Shiraz (between cool , pepper & f body style)

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30
Q

Is dry farming more common in eden valley

A

Yes
More rainfall
Soil gd water holding capacity

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31
Q

Styke of riesling eden valley

A 
H acidity 
Grapefruit, lime, steely, floral characteristics 
Honey, nuts, petrol with age
Petrol develops quickly 
Gd to outstanding 
Mid to premium
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32
Q

Style Riesling from clare valley

A

Gd to outstanding
Mid to premium
Polish hill slate soil = flintier, less aromatic, long bottle ageing
Watervale, limestone soil = floral, aromatic, younger drinking

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33
Q

What is the climate in eden valley

A

Cool to moderate
Altitude - cooling influence
Wind can affect flower & ripening
More rainfall

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34
Q

Significant producer clare valley

A

Jim Barry

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35
Q

Grape varieties clare valley

A

Riesling
Shiraz
Cab sav

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36
Q

What is the climate in clare valley

A

Warm climate- cool afternoon breeze & cold nights
Altitude - dirural range, not too steep so mechanised
Drought - irrigation, water isdue some years
White grapes altitude, black grapes warmer sites
Low fungal risk

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37
Q

Viticulture clare valley

A

Some dry farming for premium wines (low yields)

Thick canopy west side - protect from sunburn for riesling

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38
Q

Red wine style clare valley

A 
M to m+ acidity & tannins 
Pronounced black fruit
Minty eucalyptus 
Good to outstanding 
Mid to premium
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39
Q

Significant producers adelaide hills

A

Shaw & shaw

Penfolds

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40
Q

Grape varieties adelaide hills & price & quality

A 
Sau blanc (22%) mid priced, gd to v gd
Chardonnay - v gd to outstanding, mid to premium, mlf yes
Pinot noir - gd to v gd, mid to premium (delicate floral to spicy style)
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41
Q

What is the climate adelaide hills

A

Cool to moderate maritime - fungal risk, spraying
Altitude - valley & steep holls, diurnal range, restricts mechanisation
Cooling ocean influence
Irrigation - rainfall mainly winter & soil little water holding ability
Low altitude - riper fruits (more intense sunlight) even at altitude

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42
Q

McLaren vale climate

A

Marm Mediterranean
Sea breezes - maritime influence, low disease pressue
Varying altitude

43
Q

What is the soil in coonawarra

A

Terra rossa - (red free draining iron rich loam)
Over limestone subsoil (restricts water & alkaline = restricts vigour & yields)
Non terra rossa soil - better water retention, more fertile, higher yields

44
Q

Climate coonawarra

A 
Moderate maritime (like bordeaux but bit warmer & drier)
Spring frost risk - sprinklers
Risk rain flowering affecting fruitset
Irrigation- low rainfall growing season
Cool night - diurnal range
45
Q

What is distinctive avout coonawarra cab sav

A

Eucalyptus menthol notes

46
Q

Viticultural mcLaren vale

A 
Soil N is poorer & lower fertility
S soil more fertile & higher yields
Sustainable water use
Organic/ biodynamic/sustainable viticulture 
Canopy mgmt for high vigour
Trellised & mechanised / harvest at night
Quality minded hand pick bush vines
Old vines dry farmed
47
Q

Grape varieties mcLaren vale

A

Shiraz
Cab sav
Grenache

48
Q

Style mcLaren red

A 
Inexpensive to super premium 
F body
H abv
Deep coloured
Pronounced black fruits
Oak
49
Q

Why are Mediterranean varieties such as mouvedre, Sangiovese, fiano attracting attention in mclaren vale

A

Retain acidity in warmer climates

50
Q

Old vine grenache mcLaten vale style

A 
M acidity & tannin
M to m+ body
Red fruits
Spice & herbs
Old oak
Premium
51
Q

Grape varieties coonawarra

A

Cab sav
Shiraz (lighter body than barossa, minty)
Chardonnay

52
Q

Viticulture coonawarra

A

Previously mechanisation now some manual summer pruning as more labour available

53
Q

Areas in Victoria

A

Yarra valley
Morning peninsula
Murray-darling
Geelong

54
Q

Viticulture victoria

A

Vines grafted as phylloxera risk

55
Q

Climate in yarra valley

A

Cool to moderate maritime
Frost valley floor
Fingal disease as humid
Lower yarra - warmer, lower altitude, low fertile soils (loam clay) which are well draining- irrigation
Upper yarra - cooler, higher altitude, deep fertile soil (volcanic soil) can be dry farmed

56
Q

Grape varieties yarra valley

A 
Pinot noir (30%)
Chardonnay (25%)
Shiraz (whole bunch fermentation, red & blk fruits)
Cab sav (some herbal notes, blended with merlot)
57
Q

Winemaking pinot noir yarra valley

A

Whole bunch fermentation for cooler sites for perfume

Large oak format

58
Q

Price & quality pinot noir & Chardonnay yarra valley

A

Good to outstanding
Mid to premium

(Chardonnsy h acidity & stone fruits)

59
Q

Wine making Chardonnay yarra valley

A

Mlf avoided (retain acidity)
New & old oak fermentation & maturation
Lees contact

60
Q

What grapes is morning penninsula known for

A 
Pinot noir (50%) light & heavy style 
Chardonnay (30%) stone fruits
61
Q

Wine making pinot noir morning peninsula

A 
Cold soaking (extract colour) poss whole bunch fermentation for complexity & tannins
Aged old & new oak
62
Q

Winemaking Chardonnay Australia

A

Picked early - trend for leaner style

Inexpensive
Tanks s/times with oak staves

Quality 
Ambient yeast
Barrel fermentation 
Lee’s aging 
Barrel maturation- french
Mlf depends on area, blocked warmer, reduce acidity cooler & adds complexity
63
Q

Price & quality pinot & Chardonnay mornington peninsula

A

Good to outstanding

Premium

64
Q

Wine business mornington peninsula

A

Small winerys

Often capitalise direct to consumer with cellar door sales & restaurant for tourists

65
Q

Climate mornington peninsula

A

Cool to moderate maritime
Windy - cooling influence, mitigates frost & disease pressue
High sunshine hours
Red basalt soil on ridge - gd water rention so not irrigated on this soil
Irrigated non red basalt soil not on ridge

66
Q

Viticulture mornington peninsula

A

Lyre trellising as opposed to vsp to contain soul (fertile)

67
Q

King valley in victoria mainly sells which countrys style if wine & grapes domestically

A

Italy

Glera, grigio, Nebbiolo, Sangiovese, Barbera

68
Q

Heathcote in victoria is known gor which grape variety

69
Q

Hunter valley zone is in which area of Australia

A

New South Wales

70
Q

Climate orange region in new south wales

A

Continental
Altitude cooling influence
Mountains protect from storms & rainfall
Windy - mitigates frost risk but can effect fruit set

71
Q

Grapes in orange region in new south wales

A

Shiraz
Cab sav
Chardonnay
All m body

72
Q

Gerlong price & quality

A

Gd to v gd

Mid to premium

73
Q

Geeling known for which grape varieties

A

Chardonnay
Pinot noir
Fuller & riper than yarra valley

74
Q

Geelong climate

A

Cool maritime

Eind reduces fungal risk

75
Q

Climate hunter valley

A

Hot humid almost tropical
Cooling influence- cool nights
Cloud cover
Intense subshine latitude
Low altitude hills
Lower hunter valley - sea breezes closer to coast
Rainfall risk growing season - fungal risk, canopy mgmt, irrigation not usually required

76
Q

Hunter valley grape varieties

A

Semillon
Chardonnay (h acidity, picked early/cooler sites, m body to ripe f body if lower acidity)
Shiraz (m body, red & blk fruit, spicy, large oak)

77
Q

Reknown Semillon producer

78
Q

Style hunter valley Semillon

A 
L body
L abv
H acidity 
Light citrus, neutral youth
Toast, honey, nuts age
Gd to outstanding 
Mid to premium
79
Q

Mkt tasmania wines

80
Q

Climate tasmania

A 
Cool maritime 
S tasmania cooler due to latitude 
Spring frosts - fans & sprinklers
Fungal disease risk in N & W
Rainfall mainly W with vineyards mainly E
81
Q

Climate Margaret river

A

Warm maritime 34 latitude
Relatively flat
Spring frosts rarely an issue
Indian Ocean warm so nights not as cool = riper fruits

82
Q

Wine making Semillon hunter valley

A 
Grapes picked early - 10-11 abv
Must gently pressed - low phenolics
Fermentation moderate temps in stainless steel - fruity
Bottled shortly after
Rarely oaked
83
Q

Grape varieties Tasmania

A 
Pinot noir (42%)
Chardonnay (28%)
84
Q

Significant producer Tasmania

A

Tamar ridge

85
Q

Chardonnay Winemaking Tasmania

A

Mlf
Barrel fermentation
Maturation old & new for top wines

86
Q

Main export mats

A 
Uk
China
USA
Canada
Germany
87
Q

What led to increase in sales to china from Australia

A

Free trade agreement

But high tariffs imposed due to dispute led to drop in sales

88
Q

Main grapes Margaret river

A 
Cab sav (mainly blended with merlot)
Chardonnay 
Sauvignon Blanc (blended Semillon, fruity style, more expensive poss partly barrel fermentation for weight & texture )
Semillon
89
Q

Style of Margaret river Chardonnay

A 
H acidity 
Stone fruits
M+ to f body
Good to outstanding 
Mid to premium 
(Mlf usually blocked for h acidity but lees)
90
Q

Sauvignon Blanc style Australia

A

Less herbaceous

Riper fruits - latitude

91
Q

Soils Margaret river

A

Like Bordeaux
Gravel free draining- irrigation essential
Low fertility = moderates vigour

92
Q

Cabernet Sauvignon Margaret river style

A 
Good to outstanding 
Mid to premium 
H ripe tannins
M+ acidity 
M+ to f body
Blackberry, Blackcurrant, spice 
Bordeaux style
93
Q

Is tourism important for sales

A

Yes

2/3 of businesses do cellar door sales, more successful near big cities

94
Q

Sauvignon Semillon blend Margaret river style

A

H acidity
Grassy, herbaceous, fruity
Good to v good
Mid priced

95
Q

Great southern region in Australia grape varieties

A 
Shiraz (30)
Cab sav
Riesling 
Sauvignon Blanc
Chardonnay
96
Q

Great southern climate

A

Maritime by coast
Continental inland
Altitude cooling influence
Mainly dry farmed

97
Q

Price quality Shiraz from great southern region

A

Mid to premium

Good to outstanding

98
Q

Wine business Australian dominated 5 brands (85%) name a couple

A 
Pernod ricard 
Accolade wines
Treasury wine estate
Australian vintage
Caseload family brands
99
Q

Australia is the ……. Largest exporter

100
Q

What does wine Australian do

A

Control exports
Promotes Australian wine
Aim to increase quality image & demand

101
Q

What has been growing domestically in Australia but is difficult export

A

Less common varieties- inc Italian

Export difficult as h prices

102
Q

Why does Australia have strong sun/uv

A

Low latitude vineyards 30-37

103
Q

Latitude Australian

Rest Of The World (14 decks)

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