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Australia Flashcards

1
Q

Which area in Australia is phylloxera free

A

S Australia
Western Australia
Tasmania

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2
Q

Grape growing states in Australia

A 
Southern Australia 
Victoria
New south wales
Tasmania
Western Australia
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3
Q

Australia is relatively flat so maritime influences spread considerably inland true or false

A

True

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4
Q

Trellising techniques used in south Australia to manage vigour

A

Scott henry & Smart Dyson for new plantings

Old vine bush vines naturally lower vigour

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5
Q

What are the main hazards for growing grapes in Australia

A 
Drought - drip irrigation
Birds - netting
Kangaroos - no solution 
Soil salinty - rootstock and more water less frequently (insufficient rain to take salt deposits from irrigated water away, causes lack of water uptake & vine death), Chardonnay sensitive)
Bush fire - smoke taint, bitter
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6
Q

Why is Australian viticulture mainly mechanised

A

Cost of labour
Harvest @ night
Quick
Availability of labour

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7
Q

Why do some producers harvest by hand in Australia for more expensive wines

A

Limits grapes splitting & crushes
Selection of fruit
Whole bunches required for fermentation

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8
Q

What are the main grape varieties in Australia

A 
Shiraz (25%)
Chardonnay (20%)
Cab sav (15%)
Merlot
Sau blanc
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9
Q

Why are new vineyards often grafted

A

Ensure no phylloxera risk

Combat salinty & acid in soil

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10
Q

Which areas have open canopies to max air flow

A

Adelaide hills
S victoria
Hunter valley
Parts tasmania

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11
Q

Pinot noir winemaking

A

Some whole bunch fermentation- aromas
Some cold soaking - colour & flavour
French osk
But % of new oak reducing

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12
Q

Picking & wine making techniques for semillon in hunter valley

A

Harvest early - low sugar, high acidity
Inert winemaking
No oak

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13
Q

South Australia is 50% of the total harvested fruit which areas does it cover

A 
Barossa
Eden valley
Adelaide hills
Clare valley
McLaren vale
Coonawarra
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14
Q

Wine making shiraz Australia

A

Trend more approachable, less extractive
Whole bunch fermentation &/or less oak
French as well as American oak
Open fermentation tanks - punch down for softer extraction

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15
Q

Style of hunter valley Semillon

A

L abv
Neutral flavours youth
Honey & toast with age

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16
Q

Riesling winemaking premium Australia

A

Some only free run juice = h sugar, h acidity, low phenolics

Other pre fermentation skin contact & lees

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17
Q

Australias gi hierarchy split into 3 what are they

A

Zones
Regions
Sub regions

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18
Q

Describe zones

A

Large area e.g victoria to smaller areas e.g barossa

Dont have to have shared geographical or climate features

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19
Q

Descibe regions in Australia

A

Coonawarra, clare valley

Consistent & distinct character

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20
Q

Describe sub regions Australia

A

Recognise particular soil, climatr or topography

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21
Q

Wine labelled as se Australia zone are generally

A

High volume brands
Grapes sourced fertile soil, irrigated vineyards
S Australia, Victoria, new south wales

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22
Q

Barossa valley is known for which grapes

A

Shiraz (66%)
Cab sav
Grenache (rhone blends & some varietal)
Semillon

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23
Q

What are the 2 styles of shiraz in Australia

A 
Hotter regions eg barossa
F body
H abv
Soft tannins
Leather & spice with age
Pronounced black fruits

Cooler regions:
M abv
Less fruity - red & black
Black pepper

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24
Q

Climate murray darling

A

Hot continental

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25
Barossa style Semillon
H abv F body Oak Lower acidity
26
Viticulture old vines barossa valley
Dry farmed Bush vines Low yields Complex
27
Wines labelled barossa come from which valleys
Barossa valley | Clare valley
28
Barossa valley climate
Warm - hot days cooler nights Sheltered Dry - low rainfall, irrigation
29
Eden valley grape varieties
Riesling (1/3) | Shiraz (between cool , pepper & f body style)
30
Is dry farming more common in eden valley
Yes More rainfall Soil gd water holding capacity
31
Styke of riesling eden valley
``` H acidity Grapefruit, lime, steely, floral characteristics Honey, nuts, petrol with age Petrol develops quickly Gd to outstanding Mid to premium ```
32
Style Riesling from clare valley
Gd to outstanding Mid to premium Polish hill slate soil = flintier, less aromatic, long bottle ageing Watervale, limestone soil = floral, aromatic, younger drinking
33
What is the climate in eden valley
Cool to moderate Altitude - cooling influence Wind can affect flower & ripening More rainfall
34
Significant producer clare valley
Jim Barry
35
Grape varieties clare valley
Riesling Shiraz Cab sav
36
What is the climate in clare valley
Warm climate- cool afternoon breeze & cold nights Altitude - dirural range, not too steep so mechanised Drought - irrigation, water isdue some years White grapes altitude, black grapes warmer sites Low fungal risk
37
Viticulture clare valley
Some dry farming for premium wines (low yields) | Thick canopy west side - protect from sunburn for riesling
38
Red wine style clare valley
``` M to m+ acidity & tannins Pronounced black fruit Minty eucalyptus Good to outstanding Mid to premium ```
39
Significant producers adelaide hills
Shaw & shaw | Penfolds
40
Grape varieties adelaide hills & price & quality
``` Sau blanc (22%) mid priced, gd to v gd Chardonnay - v gd to outstanding, mid to premium, mlf yes Pinot noir - gd to v gd, mid to premium (delicate floral to spicy style) ```
41
What is the climate adelaide hills
Cool to moderate maritime - fungal risk, spraying Altitude - valley & steep holls, diurnal range, restricts mechanisation Cooling ocean influence Irrigation - rainfall mainly winter & soil little water holding ability Low altitude - riper fruits (more intense sunlight) even at altitude
42
McLaren vale climate
Marm Mediterranean Sea breezes - maritime influence, low disease pressue Varying altitude
43
What is the soil in coonawarra
Terra rossa - (red free draining iron rich loam) Over limestone subsoil (restricts water & alkaline = restricts vigour & yields) Non terra rossa soil - better water retention, more fertile, higher yields
44
Climate coonawarra
``` Moderate maritime (like bordeaux but bit warmer & drier) Spring frost risk - sprinklers Risk rain flowering affecting fruitset Irrigation- low rainfall growing season Cool night - diurnal range ```
45
What is distinctive avout coonawarra cab sav
Eucalyptus menthol notes
46
Viticultural mcLaren vale
``` Soil N is poorer & lower fertility S soil more fertile & higher yields Sustainable water use Organic/ biodynamic/sustainable viticulture Canopy mgmt for high vigour Trellised & mechanised / harvest at night Quality minded hand pick bush vines Old vines dry farmed ```
47
Grape varieties mcLaren vale
Shiraz Cab sav Grenache
48
Style mcLaren red
``` Inexpensive to super premium F body H abv Deep coloured Pronounced black fruits Oak ```
49
Why are Mediterranean varieties such as mouvedre, Sangiovese, fiano attracting attention in mclaren vale
Retain acidity in warmer climates
50
Old vine grenache mcLaten vale style
``` M acidity & tannin M to m+ body Red fruits Spice & herbs Old oak Premium ```
51
Grape varieties coonawarra
Cab sav Shiraz (lighter body than barossa, minty) Chardonnay
52
Viticulture coonawarra
Previously mechanisation now some manual summer pruning as more labour available
53
Areas in Victoria
Yarra valley Morning peninsula Murray-darling Geelong
54
Viticulture victoria
Vines grafted as phylloxera risk
55
Climate in yarra valley
Cool to moderate maritime Frost valley floor Fingal disease as humid Lower yarra - warmer, lower altitude, low fertile soils (loam clay) which are well draining- irrigation Upper yarra - cooler, higher altitude, deep fertile soil (volcanic soil) can be dry farmed
56
Grape varieties yarra valley
``` Pinot noir (30%) Chardonnay (25%) Shiraz (whole bunch fermentation, red & blk fruits) Cab sav (some herbal notes, blended with merlot) ```
57
Winemaking pinot noir yarra valley
Whole bunch fermentation for cooler sites for perfume | Large oak format
58
Price & quality pinot noir & Chardonnay yarra valley
Good to outstanding Mid to premium (Chardonnsy h acidity & stone fruits)
59
Wine making Chardonnay yarra valley
Mlf avoided (retain acidity) New & old oak fermentation & maturation Lees contact
60
What grapes is morning penninsula known for
``` Pinot noir (50%) light & heavy style Chardonnay (30%) stone fruits ```
61
Wine making pinot noir morning peninsula
``` Cold soaking (extract colour) poss whole bunch fermentation for complexity & tannins Aged old & new oak ```
62
Winemaking Chardonnay Australia
Picked early - trend for leaner style Inexpensive Tanks s/times with oak staves ``` Quality Ambient yeast Barrel fermentation Lee’s aging Barrel maturation- french Mlf depends on area, blocked warmer, reduce acidity cooler & adds complexity ```
63
Price & quality pinot & Chardonnay mornington peninsula
Good to outstanding | Premium
64
Wine business mornington peninsula
Small winerys | Often capitalise direct to consumer with cellar door sales & restaurant for tourists
65
Climate mornington peninsula
Cool to moderate maritime Windy - cooling influence, mitigates frost & disease pressue High sunshine hours Red basalt soil on ridge - gd water rention so not irrigated on this soil Irrigated non red basalt soil not on ridge
66
Viticulture mornington peninsula
Lyre trellising as opposed to vsp to contain soul (fertile)
67
King valley in victoria mainly sells which countrys style if wine & grapes domestically
Italy | Glera, grigio, Nebbiolo, Sangiovese, Barbera
68
Heathcote in victoria is known gor which grape variety
Shiraz
69
Hunter valley zone is in which area of Australia
New South Wales
70
Climate orange region in new south wales
Continental Altitude cooling influence Mountains protect from storms & rainfall Windy - mitigates frost risk but can effect fruit set
71
Grapes in orange region in new south wales
Shiraz Cab sav Chardonnay All m body
72
Gerlong price & quality
Gd to v gd | Mid to premium
73
Geeling known for which grape varieties
Chardonnay Pinot noir Fuller & riper than yarra valley
74
Geelong climate
Cool maritime | Eind reduces fungal risk
75
Climate hunter valley
Hot humid almost tropical Cooling influence- cool nights Cloud cover Intense subshine latitude Low altitude hills Lower hunter valley - sea breezes closer to coast Rainfall risk growing season - fungal risk, canopy mgmt, irrigation not usually required
76
Hunter valley grape varieties
Semillon Chardonnay (h acidity, picked early/cooler sites, m body to ripe f body if lower acidity) Shiraz (m body, red & blk fruit, spicy, large oak)
77
Reknown Semillon producer
Tyrells
78
Style hunter valley Semillon
``` L body L abv H acidity Light citrus, neutral youth Toast, honey, nuts age Gd to outstanding Mid to premium ```
79
Mkt tasmania wines
Donestic
80
Climate tasmania
``` Cool maritime S tasmania cooler due to latitude Spring frosts - fans & sprinklers Fungal disease risk in N & W Rainfall mainly W with vineyards mainly E ```
81
Climate Margaret river
Warm maritime 34 latitude Relatively flat Spring frosts rarely an issue Indian Ocean warm so nights not as cool = riper fruits
82
Wine making Semillon hunter valley
``` Grapes picked early - 10-11 abv Must gently pressed - low phenolics Fermentation moderate temps in stainless steel - fruity Bottled shortly after Rarely oaked ```
83
Grape varieties Tasmania
``` Pinot noir (42%) Chardonnay (28%) ```
84
Significant producer Tasmania
Tamar ridge
85
Chardonnay Winemaking Tasmania
Mlf Barrel fermentation Maturation old & new for top wines
86
Main export mats
``` Uk China USA Canada Germany ```
87
What led to increase in sales to china from Australia
Free trade agreement | But high tariffs imposed due to dispute led to drop in sales
88
Main grapes Margaret river
``` Cab sav (mainly blended with merlot) Chardonnay Sauvignon Blanc (blended Semillon, fruity style, more expensive poss partly barrel fermentation for weight & texture ) Semillon ```
89
Style of Margaret river Chardonnay
``` H acidity Stone fruits M+ to f body Good to outstanding Mid to premium (Mlf usually blocked for h acidity but lees) ```
90
Sauvignon Blanc style Australia
Less herbaceous | Riper fruits - latitude
91
Soils Margaret river
Like Bordeaux Gravel free draining- irrigation essential Low fertility = moderates vigour
92
Cabernet Sauvignon Margaret river style
``` Good to outstanding Mid to premium H ripe tannins M+ acidity M+ to f body Blackberry, Blackcurrant, spice Bordeaux style ```
93
Is tourism important for sales
Yes | 2/3 of businesses do cellar door sales, more successful near big cities
94
Sauvignon Semillon blend Margaret river style
H acidity Grassy, herbaceous, fruity Good to v good Mid priced
95
Great southern region in Australia grape varieties
``` Shiraz (30) Cab sav Riesling Sauvignon Blanc Chardonnay ```
96
Great southern climate
Maritime by coast Continental inland Altitude cooling influence Mainly dry farmed
97
Price quality Shiraz from great southern region
Mid to premium | Good to outstanding
98
Wine business Australian dominated 5 brands (85%) name a couple
``` Pernod ricard Accolade wines Treasury wine estate Australian vintage Caseload family brands ```
99
Australia is the ……. Largest exporter
5th
100
What does wine Australian do
Control exports Promotes Australian wine Aim to increase quality image & demand
101
What has been growing domestically in Australia but is difficult export
Less common varieties- inc Italian | Export difficult as h prices
102
Why does Australia have strong sun/uv
Low latitude vineyards 30-37
103
Latitude Australian
30 to 37

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