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Neuro (Exam 3) > Auditory/Vestibular Physio > Flashcards

Auditory/Vestibular Physio Flashcards

1
Q

Endolymph characteristics

A

K+ rich/Na+ poor (like ICF)

  • Fills cochlear duct and membranous labyrinth
  • Bathes apical end of hair cells
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2
Q

Where is endolymph found?

A

Scala media (fills cochlear duct and membranous labyrinth)

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3
Q

Perilymph characteristics

A

K+ poor/Na+ rich (like ECF)

- Bathes basal end of cochlear hair cells

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4
Q

Where is perilymph found?

A
  • Scala vestibuli and scala tympani
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5
Q

Where is the motion in the basilar membrane the highest?

A

@ the base (for high frequencies)

basilar membrane is narrower here

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6
Q

Where is the motion in the basilar membrane the lowest?

A

@ the apical regions (for lower frequencies)

basilar membrane is wider here

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7
Q

What type of cells are hair cells?

A

Mechanoreceptors (they convert mechanical signals to electrical signals)
- Also polarized epithelial cells

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8
Q

Where are the neural synapses on hair cells?

A

Basal side

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9
Q

Where are the stereocilia on hair cells?

A

Apical side

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10
Q

Process of stereocilia moving?

A
  1. Hair cells deflected
  2. K+ ions enter and depolarize cell
  3. Ca2+ enters via voltage-gated channels
  4. Glu released
  5. Post-syn neurons stimulated
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11
Q

How does depolarization occur?

A

Deflection toward tall stereocilia

excitation

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12
Q

How does hyperpolarization occur?

A

Deflection away from tall stereocilia

inhibition

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13
Q

What channel is responsible for letting K+ into hair cells?

A

TRPA1 (ion channel)

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14
Q

How is TRPA1 stimulated?

A

As stereocilia is stretched, the tips are opened

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15
Q

Purpose of stria vascularis?

A

Maintains electrochemical properties of the endolymph by pumping K+ into endolymph

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16
Q

Role of inner hair cells?

A
  • Only one row

- Primary source of auditory info

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17
Q

Role of outer hair cells?

A
  • 3 rows
  • Amplifier for the inner hair cells by boosting mechanical vibrations of basilar membrane
  • Sensitivity and tuning of responses susceptible to injury of outer hair cells
  • Otoacoustic emissions
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18
Q

Where do hair cells receive afferent innervation from?

A

Spiral ganglia

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19
Q

Where do hair cells receive efferent innervation from?

A

Superior olivary complex

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20
Q

Are inner hair cells afferent or efferent?

A

ONLY afferent (Type I)

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21
Q

Are outer hair cells afferent or efferent?

A

Both afferent (Type II) and efferent

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22
Q

Where are low pitch sounds sent?

A

Apical region

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23
Q

Where are high pitch sounds sent?

A

Basal region

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24
Q

Function of dorsal cochlear nuclei?

A

Integrates acoustic info with somatosensory info for localization of sound

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25
Q

Function of ventral cochlear nuclei?

A

Begins processing the temporal and spectral features of sound

26
Q

What makes up the cochlear nuclear complex?

A

Ventral and dorsal cochlear nuclei

27
Q

Where does info from both ears first converge?

A

Superior Olivary Complex

28
Q

What is the primary nucleus of the superior olivary complex?

A

Medial superior nucleus and lateral superior nucleus

29
Q

Function of medial superior nucleus?

A
  • Receives EAA projections

- Generates map of interaural time differences (helping to localize sound)

30
Q

Function of lateral superior nucleus?

A
  • Generates map of interaural intensity differences (helping to localize the source of sound)
31
Q

Role of superior colliculus?

A

Takes location data from the IC and adds final dimension (vertical height) to create spatial map of sound’s location

32
Q

Role of inferior colliculus?

A

Suppresses info related to echoes, which would interfere with localization and arrives at a final estimation of localization of sound

33
Q

Role of medial geniculate nucleus?

A

Convergence from distinct spectral and temporal pathways, allowing for processing features of speech inflections

34
Q

Role of primary auditory cortex?

A
  • Essential in conscious perception of sound

- Higher order processing of sound (loudness, modulations in volume)

35
Q

Role of primary auditory cortex?

A
  • Essential in conscious perception of sound

- Higher order processing of sound (loudness, modulations in volume)

36
Q

Which area is more activated by low frequency sounds?

A

Rostral areas

37
Q

Which area is more activated by high frequencies?

A

Caudal areas

38
Q

What is the auditory association complex?

A

Composed of multiple areas (Broca’s, Wernicke’s, etc.)

39
Q

What is the role of the auditory association complex?

A
  • Less specificially organized tonotopically than primary auditory cortex
  • Responds to more complex sounds (like music or naming sounds/songs)
40
Q

What are the efferent inputs to the auditory system?

A
  • Olivocochlear efferents
  • Middle ear muscle motoneurons
  • Autonomic innervation of inner ear
41
Q

What are olivocochlear efferents?

A
  • Originate in superior olivary complex
  • Medial OC neurons IN outer hair cells
  • Lateral OC neurons IN inner hair cells
42
Q

Role of olivocochlear efferents?

A
  • Shifts responses to higher sound levels
  • Decreases adaptation
  • Reduces response to noise (protecting hair cells)
43
Q

What are middle ear efferents?

A
  • Tensor tympani to malleus (CN V)

- Stapedius to the stapes (CN VII)

44
Q

Role of middle ear efferents?

A
  • Bilateral response to loud sounds

- Act at low frequencies to decrease transmission of sound, thus preventing damages

45
Q

What are otoacoustic emissions?

A
  • Low intensity/inaudible sounds emitted from ear

- Can be spontaneous or evoked (for testing)

46
Q

What end of cochlea is more susceptible to damage?

A

BASE (high frequencies)

47
Q

What is angular acceleration?

A

Motion involving rotation around one/more planes

48
Q

What is linear acceleration?

A

Motion in the horizontal or vertical plane

49
Q

What type of acceleration do semicircular canals detect?

A

Rotational acceleration

50
Q

What type of acceleration does the utricle detect?

A

Linear acceleration (forward/backward)

51
Q

What type of acceleration does the saccule detect?

A

Linear acceleration (up/down)

52
Q

Where is rotation in the horizontal plane best detected?

A

Horizontal SC canal

53
Q

Where is rotation in the vertical plane backwards best detected?

A

Posterior SC canal

54
Q

Where is rotation in the vertical plane forwards best detected?

A

Anterior SC canal

55
Q

Which way do eyes move when falling forward?

A

UP

56
Q

Which way do eyes move when falling backward?

A

DOWN

57
Q

Which muscles activated with rotational acceleration in the IL eye?

A
  • Medial rectus activated
  • Lateral rectus inhibited

*CL eye does opposite

58
Q

Which muscles activated with falling backwards?

A
  • Superior oblique activated

- Inferior oblique inhibited

59
Q

Which muscles activated with falling forwards?

A
  • Superior rectus activated

- Inferior rectus inhibited

60
Q

Which liquid resides in the vestibular apparatus?

A

Endolymph

61
Q

Which liquid surrounds the vestibular apparatus?

A

Perilymph

62
Q

Main theme of cortical and cerebellar involvement in the vestibulooptic reflexes?

A

Suppress the reflex to allow for voluntary motion

Neuro (Exam 3) (15 decks)

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