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perception > audition > Flashcards

audition Flashcards

1
Q

what are sound waves?

A

waves of pressure changes in air caused by the vibrations of a source

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2
Q

what is a sound cycle?

A

in a sound wave, a repeating segment of air changes

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3
Q

what physical property perceptually correlates to pitch?

A

frequency

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4
Q

how is pitch/frequency measured?

A

hertz

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5
Q

what physical property perceptually correlates to loudness?

A

amplitude

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6
Q

how is amplitude/loudness measured?

A

decibels

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7
Q

what physical property perceptually correlates to timbre?

A

waveform

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8
Q

can you measure waveform/timbre?

A

no

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9
Q

what is the young human adult sound detection range?

A

about 20 - 20,000 hertz

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10
Q

how does the amplitude threshold differ between loud and soft sounds?

A

the loudest sounds a human can hear are 1 million times the amplitude of the softest sounds

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11
Q

what is amplitude?

A

difference between the maximum and minimum sound pressure in a sound wave

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12
Q

what is loudness?

A

perceptual dimension of sound that is related to the physical dimension of amplitude; how loud or quiet a sound SEEM

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13
Q

what is decibels?

A

physical unit used to measure sound amplitutde, logarithmically related to sound pressure measured in micropascals

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14
Q

what is the absolute threshold mean?

A

the intensity of the least intense sound that can be heard

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15
Q

when is auditory sensitivity maximal?

A

in middle range, which is the range of frequencies present in most human speech sounds

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16
Q

what is pure tone?

A

sound wave in which air pressure changes over time according to a mathematical formula called a sine wave or sinusoid

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17
Q

what is hertz?

A

number of cycles per second of a sound wave

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18
Q

what is fourier show?

A

that waveforms of most periodic sounds have a more complex shape than a sine wave

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19
Q

what is harmonic?/

A

compotent frequency of a complex waveform that is an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency

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20
Q

what is timbre?

A

difference in sound quality between two sounds with same pitch and loudess

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21
Q

what is the illusion of the missing fundemental?

A

shows that the auditory system uses patterns of frequencies in a sounds harmonics as part of pitch perception

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22
Q

what is manner of onset and offset?

A

manner of onset (attack) and manner of offset (decay) also affect timbre perceptuon

23
Q

how does the structure of the ear help in sound processing?

A

structure transduces sound into neural signals that are sent to the brain

24
Q

what are the three parts of the brain?

A

outer, middle, inner

25
Q

what is the pinna?

A

outermost portion of the ear, shape can modify incoming sound and contribute to localisation

26
Q

what is the auditory canal?

A

narrow channel that funnels sound waves gathered by the
pinna onto the tympanic membrane and that amplifies certain frequencies in
those waves and contributes to high sensitivity to those frequencies

27
Q

what is the tympanic membrane (eardrum)

A

thin, elastic diaphragm at the inner
end of the auditory canal that vibrates in response to the sound waves that
strike it; it forms an airtight seal between the outer ear and the middle ear

28
Q

what are the ossicles?

A

three small bones (the malleus, incus, and stapes) in the
middle ear that transmit sound energy from the tympanic
membrane to the inner ear

29
Q

what is the malleus? (hammer)

A

small bone in the inner ear; one of the
ossicles; transmits sound energy from the tympanic membrane to
the incus

30
Q

what is the incus (anvil)?

A

small bone in the inner ear; one of the ossicles;

transmits sound energy from the malleus to the stap

31
Q

what is the stapes? (stirrup)

A

transmits sound energy from the incus to the oval window

32
Q

what is the oval window?

A

membrane-covered opening at the base of the
cochlea; vibrations of the membrane transmit sound energy from
the ossicles into the cochlea

33
Q

what are the two characteristics of ear anatomy that help compensate for loss of sound energy?

A
  • larger size of tympanic membrane concentrates sound
    energy in much smaller area and effectively amplifies its
    effect.
  • physical arrangement of ossicles produces a lever action
    that magnifies vibrations of tympanic membrane.
34
Q

what is the eustachian tube?

A

tube connecting the middle ear and the top part of the
throat
- is normally closed but can be briefly opened to equalize the air pressure in the middle ear with
the air pressure outside

35
Q

what is the cochlea?

A 
fluid filled compartment,
coiled like a snail’s
shell, within the
temporal bone of the
skull.
36
Q

what do the inner hair cells do?

A

convey almost all information about sound

waves to the brain (afferent fibres)

37
Q

what do outer hair cells do?

A

recieve information from the brain (using
efferent fibers). They are involved in an elaborate feedback
system

38
Q

what is frequency represented by in the auditory system?

A

place and temporal code

39
Q

what is frequency theory (temporal code)

A

suggests that the neurons’ firing rate matches the cycles per
second (Hz) - works only on lower frequency

40
Q

what is place code?

A

tuning of different parts of the cochlea to different

frequencies

41
Q

what is the frequency tuning of auditory nerve fibres accounted for by?

A

the frequency tuning of the
basilar membrane, a purely
mechanical factor

42
Q

why is place code beneficial?

A

provides relatively better frequency representation of high frequency sounds than of low-frequency sounds

43
Q

what is temporal code based on?

A

on a match between the frequencies in incoming

sound waves and the firing rates of Type I auditory nerve fiber

44
Q

what frequencies can temporal code represent?

A

up to 5000 Hz

45
Q

what is place code based on?

A

mechanical properties of Basilar membrane and supported by location of auditory nerve fibers by Frequency sensitivity

46
Q

what frequencies can place coding represent?

A

above 5000 Hz

47
Q

what is the cochlear nucleus?

A

the first brain stem nucleus at which afferent

auditory nerve fibers synapse.

48
Q

what is the superior olive?

A

an early brain stem region in the auditory

pathway where inputs from both ears converge.

49
Q

what is the inferior colliculus?

A

midbrain nucleus in the auditory pathway

50
Q

what is the medial geniculate nucleus?

A

part of the thalamus that relays auditory signals to the temporal cortex and receives input from
the auditory cortex

51
Q

what is the basic structure of the mammalian auditory system?

A
  • cochlear nucleus
  • superior olive
  • inferior colliculus
  • medial geniculate nucleus
52
Q

what are the external components of the cochlear implant?

A

consist of a microphone, sound processor, and transmitter which essentially performs a Fourier analysis on external sounds

53
Q

what are the internal components of the cochlear implant?

A

consist of a receiver–stimulator and an electrode system that
spirals around the cochlea and stimulates auditory nerve fibers,
using both place coding and temporal coding

54
Q

what are the three steps in fourier’s process?

A

fourier analysis
fourier spectrum
fundemental frequency

perception (12 decks)

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