Audience & Rhetorical Appeals

Question 1

Rhetorical Audience (defn)

Answer 1

• It is a group/class- not directed towards particular individuals for developing arguments, but rather for many individuals.
• Can be considered a target audience for marketing purposes

Question 2

Rhetorical Audience (3 points)

Answer 2

• It is a group/class
• It is particular and universal.
• It is wrapped up in difference

Question 3

Rhetorical Audience: It is a group/class.

Answer 3

• Messages are for large groups of people
• Speeches are written both for the specific people we know will be in the audience and for the groups that they represent (beliefs, values, etc.)

Question 4

Rhetorical Audience: It is particular and universal.

Answer 4

• Particular audience: the people you know are in the audience (in terms of identity)
• Universal audience: general humanity and all rational human beings

Question 5

Rhetorical Audience: It is wrapped up in difference.

Answer 5

There is a difference between the rhetor and the audience in terms of opinions, background, etc.

Question 6

Aristotle on Rhetorical Appeals

Answer 6

• Said: “There are three modes of persuasion in a speech, 1) Some are in the character of the speaker:
  2) Some are in disposing the listener in some type of way
  3) Some in the argument itself, by showing or seeming to show something

Question 7

Rhetorical Appeals: ethos

Answer 7

the rhetor is perceived by the audience as credible (or not)

• external ethos: expertise, experience
• intrinsic ethos: how well they write the speech

Question 8

Rhetorical Appeals: pathos

Answer 8

• The rhetor attempts to persuade the audience by making them feel certain emotions
• Appeal to audience’s sense of identity, self-interest & emotions.

Question 9

Rhetorical Appeals: logos

Answer 9

• The rhetor attempts to persuade the audience by the use of arguments that they will perceive as a logical

Question 10

Common Strategies of Logos: Cause or consequence

Answer 10

Ex: global warming caused by greenhouse gases

Question 11

Common Strategies of Logos: Analogy

Answer 11

• About the quality of one thing compared to another
  a) Shed light on new aspects of elements
• Ex: The ozone layer is like the outer skin of the body, removing it will cause pain.

Question 12

Common Strategies of Logos: Testimony/Authority

Answer 12

• Draws on research of experts

- Ex: Writing a paper about changing global warming laws, draw on experts in subject to make the claim

Question 13

Common Strategies of Logos: Definition

Answer 13

• If you can get the audience to agree on the definition of something, use language that corresponds to the definition
• Ex: Politicians; drawing on the meaning or nature of something

Question 14

Common Strategies of Logos: Syllogism

Answer 14

• Using deductive logic (major premise, minor premise, and conclusion
• Moving from general claim to something which impacts the audience more specifically
• Ex: Nuclear power plants produce dangerous waste. New power plant they are building is nuclear. The power plant will also be dangerous.

Question 15

Conventions of Good Credibility

Answer 15

• Good speech
• Narrative Rationality
• Embodied Emotion

Question 16

Conventions of Good Credibility: Good Speech

Answer 16

• Ethos
• The assumption (of immigration judges) that people might have political identities that make states persecute them- “You probably don’t speak well.”
• How articulate they are

Question 17

Conventions of Good Credibility: Narrative Rationality

Answer 17

• Logos
• The minor inconsistencies in the judge’s eyes when listening to testimony versus asylum application (specific dates, times, etc.)

Question 18

Conventions of Good Credibility: Embodied Affect

Answer 18

• Pathos
• The expectations judges have for what they expect emotion to look like in the court room versus the emotion displayed
• However, cultural differences and traumatic experiences alter emotional regulation