Attitudes & Behaviour II Flashcards
1
Q
KEY TERM ACRONYMS
A
- attitudes = A
- theory of reasoned action = TRA
- theory of planned behaviour = TPB
- behavioural intentions = BI
- perceived behavioural control = PBC
- subjective norms = SN
- implementation intentions = II
- motivation/opportunity as determinants of behaviour = MODE model
2
Q
THEORY OF REASONED ACTION (TRA)
A
- attitude component = expectancy/value
- behavioural intentions = do you intend to x?
- subjective norm = what do others think? normative beliefs + motivation to comply
3
Q
FISHBRIN & AZJEN (1975)
A
- TRA
- attitude toward the beh + subjective norm -> beh intention -> behaviour
4
Q
TRA: EVALUATION
A
- good at predicting beh BUT…
- “can” factor was missing (aka. does person feel they CAN perform beh)
- AKA. perceived behavioural control (PBC)
5
Q
AZJEN (1991)
A
- theory of planned behaviour (TPB)
- incorporated perceived behavioural control (PBC)
- PBCs determined by control beliefs
- PBC influences beh via affecting beh intentions (BI) and direct behaviour
6
Q
AZJEN & MADDEN (1986)
A
- theory of planned behaviour (TPB)
- attitude toward beh + subjective norm + perceived beh control -> behavioural intention -> beh
7
Q
TPB: COMPARISON
A
- adding PBC = improvement > TRA
- TRA/TPB studies; support found for both
ALBARRACIN ET AL (2001) - meta-analysis (96 studies)
- TRA; condom use
AMITAGE & CONNOR (2001) - meta-analysis (185 studies)
- TPB; stopping smoking
- blood donation
- public transport
8
Q
ALBARRACIN ET AL (2001)
A
- future condom use beh = STATSIG related to BI to use condoms (r = .45)
- B1 predicted via As (r = .58)/SNs (r = .39)
- As towards condom use predicted by beh beliefs (r = .56)
- SNs predicted by normative beliefs (r = .46)
- SO: TRA variables did well in helping beh prediction
9
Q
ARMITAGE & CONNER (2001)
A
- suggests TPB = good intention/beh predictor
- works better for self-reported > observed beh
- showed that PBC independently predicted intentions/beh in a wide domain number
10
Q
TPB: EVALUATION
A
- both meta-analyses = good evidence of effectiveness in predicting thoughtful beh BUT…
1. ARE SOME BELIEFS MORE IMPORTANT THAN OTHERS?
2. WHICH IS MORE IMPORTANT IN BI PREDICTION: A/SN?
11
Q
TPB: ARE SOME TYPES OF BELIEF MORE IMPORTANT THAN OTHERS?
A
- liked VS disliked outcomes
- negative outcomes = ^ important in predicting speeding beh
- positive outcomes = ^ important in predicting smoking initiation (LAWTON ET AL (2007)
- material costs/benefits to the self; action consequences for feelings/well-being (instrumental VS emotional beliefs)
12
Q
INSTRUMENTAL VS EMOTIONAL BELIEFS
A
- action = eating fruits
- instrumental outcomes = better energy levels/weight control/cardiovascular health
- emotional outcomes = pride/vitality feelings
- important distinction when understanding risky beh; negative emotional beliefs = v important
13
Q
WHICH IS MORE IMPORTANT IN PREDICTING BI: A/SN?
A
- usually BI better predicted by A > SN BUT not always
- sometimes difs in whether people/situations emphasise personal (what I think) VS collective (what OTHERS who matter think) beliefs
14
Q
TRAFIMOV & FINLAY (1996)
A
- students completed measures of A/SN/BI towards 30 items ie. paying bills on time/eating begs regularly
- 80% = BIs better predicted by A > SN
- 20% = reversed pattern
15
Q
YBARRA & TRAFIMOW (1998)
A
- do we think more in terms of private VS collective self?
- pps thought about private VS collective-self cognitions to see if results = affected
- private self-cognition = “I am funny”
- collective self-cognition = “my family thinks that I am funny”
16
Q
YBARRA & TRAFIMOW (1998): METHOD
A
- 1 pp group asked to think about themselves/expectations/how they DIFFERED from family/friends
- other asked what they had in COMMON w/family/friends
- 1st tried to make personal-self beliefs salient
- 2nd made collective-self beliefs salient
- rated A/SN/BI towards condom use during sex
17
Q
YBARRA & TRAFIMOW (1998): RESULTS
A
- private-self belief primed pps = B1s ^ correlated/predicted by As (r = .64) > SNs (r = .48)
- collective-self belief pps = B1s ^ correlated/predicted by SNs (r = .67) > As (r = .54)
18
Q
! CRITICAL !
A
- highlight conditions where SNs can be ^ important in predicting BIs
- fits findings from other studies that dif thinking ways about ourselves affects A-B link
- relevant when looking at cross-cultural difs in A roles
19
Q
HOW DO BIs TRANSLATE INTO BEHAVIOUR?
A
- they don’t!
- important development = implementation intentions (IIs = specific “if-then” plans) ie:
1. WHEN I encounter situation A, I WILL perform behaviour B.
20
Q
ORBELL ET AL (1997)
A
- when implementation intentions present -> A-B link ^
- intervention group instructed to form IIs
- control group = no instructions
- 1m post intervention -> 64% of II group reported having performed breast self-examination; 14% in control
21
Q
OTHER IMPORTANT VARIABLES
A
- if TPB = correct -> only As/SNs/PBC/BIs should matter when predicting beh
- other things perceived morality of beh/personal need for satisfaction/anticipated negative self-conscious emotion/individual self-efficacy difs/habit
- REMEMBER = TPB isn’t perfect
22
Q
THE MODE MODEL: SUMMARY
A
- MODE = Motivation and Opportunity as Determinants of Behaviour
- dual process model
- individuals have BOTH sufficient motivation/opportunity
- may base beh on measured consideration of attitudes
- if not -> spontaneous info processing
- accessible attitudes readily activated in spontaneous situations so A-B link = ^ > when attitudes = inaccessible
23
Q
! SUMMARY !
A
- TRA/TPB = influential in understanding A-B links
- negative emotional beliefs can have ^ impact on BIs > positive non-emotional beliefs
- compared to influence of SNs, As influence may be lower when collective self-beliefs = salient < when private self-beliefs = salient
- IIs can really affect A-B link
- TPB = useful BUT not exhaustive in terms of factors predicting beh
- MODE model helps understand how attitude accessibility impacts A-B link
