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Attitudes Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a naïve scientist?

A

we are rational and logical, testing hypotheses about the behaviour of others —> attribution, when we are confronted with behaviour of others we actually create hypotheses about that behaviour and then we test these hypotheses which lead us to be able to attribute a cause to that behaviour

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2
Q

what is the problem with naïve scientists?

A

not very efficient, time consuming

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3
Q

what is a cognitive miser?

A

considers human beings to be quite lazy, reluctant to spend our cognitive resources and are looking for any opportunity to avoid engaging in effortful thought —> avoid effortful cognitive processing.

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4
Q

how do we avoid this type of cognitive effort of processing?

A

we rely on schemas and stereotypes to help us avoid this type of effort.

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5
Q

what is an attitude?

A

the degree to which we care about particular things (objects/people/environments), the view that we hold on things and typically has 3 components.

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6
Q

identify the 3 component model of attitude structure?

A

ABC MODEL - affective, behavioural, cognitive

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7
Q

is it always the case that attitude predicts behaviour?

A

no

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8
Q

identify and describe the 4 methods of forming attitudes?

A

mere exposure effect- tendency to develop more positive feelings towards objects and individuals the more we are exposed to them, ties in nicely to the term “acquired taste”

2) evaluative conditioning - liking / dislikling an object will change when objects/ objects is consistently paired with negative/positive stimuli, evaluative conditioning is a form of classical conditioning , linked to the spreading attitudes effect (the idea that we can spread our attitudes, our attitudes can spread among objects, just by being in proximity to them)
3) instrumental conditioning - attitudes can be shaped by verbal reinforcers (eg - told our attitudes are good so we stick to it , it is not always conscious)
4) observational learning or modelling - people reproduce the actions, attitudes, and emotional responses exhibited by real-life/symbolic models, especially prevalent in children (eg: the BOBO doll experiment)

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9
Q

Identify two means of how we form attitudes , sources of learning?

A

1) parental influence - not as strong influence as expected, there is a positive correlation but it is weak.
2) mass media - has a huge effect, can help shape our attitudes ( especially in cultural / political context) < behaviour can change the way we think

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10
Q

with reference to behaviour influencing attitude, describe the self-perception theory?

A

eg: I chose this, so I must like it….
Bem (1967, 1972) attitudes are inferred from behaviour and context , attitudes don’t change due to dissonance (conflict) < opposite of what cognitive dissonance argues
> rational inference process = inferring what attitudes must be based on behaviour
> self perception theory only really applies to certain attitudes in certain situations.

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11
Q

describe cognitive dissonance?

A

its mental discomfort caused by something contradicting a view that we hold quite strongly.
> discomfort when we are presented with something that suggests our attitude is wrong, so we try and remedy it to remove the discomfort.
> we explain cognitive dissonance in terms of receiving/ being presented with external information that we don’t like and that external information is in conflict with strong attitudes so we will try change something to remedy that relationship.
> in some cases, it is not always external information but rather internal information we hold ( conflicting attitudes / a behaviour that conflicts with an attitude that we hold)

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12
Q

identify factors that affect cognitive dissonance?

A

1) justification > having behaved in a certain way that is counter to their attitudes but can justify it by saying something like I was forced too ect….
2) freedom of choice - no dissonance should occur if we are forced to do something in conflict with our attitudes, our attitude is still intact.
3) investment - the more invested someone is in their point of view, the stronger the feelings of dissonance.

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13
Q

Cognitive dissonance is reliant on….

A

A STRONG POINT OF VIEW and won’t apply to weak attitudes.

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14
Q

dissonance VS self-perception, which is right?

A

in cognitive dissonance we change attitudes to alleviate mental discomfort.
self-perception theory : attitudes are fromed as a response to our own behaviour (unlikely to have an effect on a strong attitude)

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15
Q

identify when dissonance may occur?

A

> discrepancies are clear and distinct
attitude in question is important for self-concept
it is not possible to explain away the discrepancy
the attitudes have to be in clear conflict

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16
Q

give a real life example of cognitive dissonance?

A

leon Festinger doomsday cult - people within the cult were subject to cognitive dissonance because they held really strong beliefs andn when the events did not match up to those attitudes they had to change the way they thought about them.

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17
Q

when is self-perception theory most likely to operate?

A

> when discrepancies are mild
the attitude is not particularily important to someone
people do not have strong exsisitng attitudes

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18
Q

true or false, both theories have a function and affect our attitude formation and attitude change in different ways.

A

true

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19
Q

attitudes mirror the functions of?

A

schemas, so attitudes can help us categorise and control our environment, can help us appraise objects and help and can orient ourselves to our environment < help us to do it quickly similarily to schemas, can have a basic evolutionary function.

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20
Q

identify factors that influence our behaviour?

A

habits, norms, friends attitudes/behaviours

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21
Q

true or false, attitude is not always directly linked to behaviour?

A

true

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22
Q

when trying to quit something what creates an issue?

A

habits/friends behaviours/attitudes

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23
Q

general attitudes are better predictors of

A

general behaviours

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24
Q

general attitudes influence our

A

general behaviours

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25
Q

attitude strength?

A

affects behaviour strongly, stronger attitudes affect how we go about influencing behaviour.

26
Q

with regards to attitude strength and accessibility , things we feel stronger about….

A

are conscious and easy to recall ( we enjoy discussing them ect), stable over time ( our strong attitudes are less likely to change, form part of our self-concept and don’t want them to change so we are likely to protect them) < these are the attitudes that are most likely to affect behaviour.

27
Q

what has a greater effect on weak attitudes?

A

the situation or if there is a strong social norm ( eg; wearing a tie in certain situations)

28
Q

In the presence of strong habits….

A

typically a weak attitude-behaviour relation eg-smokers agree smoking is harmful but its hard to stop due to the HABIT.

29
Q

strong habits are

A

really hard to break

30
Q

mood (affect/emotion) affects our?

A

attitudes

31
Q

describe cognitive bias?

A

self-other discrepancy, refers to the idea that what I do, others don’t, see this commonly in binge drinking behaviour.

32
Q

self identity?

A

our attitudes are linked to our self identity, when we are in a situation where our identity tells us to behave in a certain way regardless of our attitude, we will follow our identity.

33
Q

explain the theory of reasoned action?

A

often used in health psychology, the idea that we have numerous factors that influence our attitude and our subjective norm and then these attitudes influence behavioural intention which then influences behaviour.
> normative belief = we do other people think
>motivation to comply - is it worth following/is it advantageous
> subjective norm = pressure to conform to a certain idea, serious motivation to comply to that belief.
INTENTION DOES NOT ALWAYS LEAD TO BEHAVIOUR.

34
Q

explain the theory of planned behaviour?

A

designed to get around the intention behaviour gap in the theory of reasoned action, what happens between behavioural intention and volitional behaviour in which the behaviour didn’t occur?
> believed perceived behaviour control was to blame
>perceieved behaviour control = do we believe we will be succesfull in our behaviour, affects our attitude towards something
> attitude and subjective norm are still important
> if we do not feel a strong attitude towards something we are not necessarily going to want to engage with it.

35
Q

we have…….that are linked to our attitudes

A

motor actions

36
Q

motor functions can affect our?

A

attitudes

37
Q

strack et al 1988 studied?

A

cartoon perception study with pencil ( check notes)

38
Q

what is one of the most common methods of externally changing our attitudes?

A

persuasion

39
Q

identify and describe the dual route models of persuasion?

A

1) central route = influenced by strength and quality of argument (naïve scientists more likely to be persuaded by this route)
2) peripheral route - people pay attention to cues that are irrelevant to context or quality of information (cognitive misers are more likely to be persuaded by this route, eg- whether the lecturer is good looking or not)

40
Q

attitudes gained through the peripheral route are?

A

weaker, less resistant to counter argument, less predictive of behaviour.

41
Q

factors affecting which route is taken?

A

rapid speech, mood (happier > more likely to take the peripheral route, unhappy people more likely to take in info via the central route), need for cognition(eg: cognitive effort, too much effort > more likely to take peripheral route)

42
Q

identify what happens after you have choose route of persuasion?

A

CHECK PRINTED NOTES

43
Q

prejudice and stereotypes?

A

both biases that work together to create and maintain social inequality.

44
Q

prejudice is based on?

A

attitudes and feelings about other groups

45
Q

stereotypes are?

A

specific beliefs. perceptions about a group.

46
Q

prejudice?

A

pre-judged, pre-set attitude.
> a dislike and fear of others because they are different
> prejudiced attitudes vs behaviour with other individuals
> study by LaPiere 1934 ( check notes)

47
Q

with reference to prejudice, explain the ABC model

A

affect > prejudice and ingroup favouritism
cognitive > stereotyping
behaviour > discrimination.

48
Q

who studied prejudice in the classroom?

A

jane Elliot , check notes

49
Q

CHECK NOTES FOR GORDON ALLPORTS

A

TABLE OF PREJUDICE

50
Q

identify targets of prejudice?

A

racism, sexism (ambivalent, hostile, benevolent), homophobia, ageism

51
Q

what is the diff types of sexism?

A

hostile - chauvinism/misogyny, benevolent (subjectively positive but broadly damaging to gender equality ( women need to be protected by men), ambivalent sexism

52
Q

identify forms of discrimination?

A

reluctance to help (goes hand in hand with aversive racism) , tokenism (small gesture that we can use to deflect active accusations of racism), reverse discrimination (publicly being prejudice the other way in favour of the minority, it is hard to tell whether it is actually reflects an attempt to improve and register advantage or whether people are just trying to conceal prejudice, people actively act prejudice in favour of minority as a way of concealing prejudice/racism).

53
Q

identify the effects of prejudice?

A

stigma, effects on self-esteem, stereotype threat, failure and disadvantage, attributional ambiguities, self-fulfilling prophecies, stigma can have serious effect on self-esteem.

54
Q

explaining prejudice, authoritarian personality?

A

authoritarian personalities are characterised by an extreme respect for authority, extremely obedient to those they believe are in power and also characterised by a belief in aggression towards those who are different —-> prejudicial belief.

55
Q

what is the scapegoat theory?

A

blaming others for your own problems leads to feelings of prejudice towards the group you are blaming, allows individuals to explain failure whilst maintaining self-concept.

56
Q

the scapegoat theory is often explained in terms of?

A

the frustration-aggression hypothesis > sources of frustration accumulate (eg during an economic crisis), may lead to aggression on convenient social target

57
Q

explain ambivalent prejudice?

A

comes from people having both positive and negative thoughts about an outgroup. individual becomes aware of the conflicting attitudes > affects individual self-image, causes cognitive dissonance, conflict can cause negative emotions, which lead to negative behaviours.

58
Q

social ambivalence to explain prejudice?

A

cultural norms, stereotypes and social neuroscience and prejudice (check slides for diagram)

59
Q

identify collective actions to reduce prejudice?

A

collective action needs some key components to incite social change:
agents of change….
> behavioural outcomes, underlying psychological processes (strong social identity, perceptions of injustice), challenging prejudice (equalities awared ect)

60
Q

how the media is getting better at representing targetded groups of prejudice?

A

rupauls drag race, big bang theory, good night stories for rebel girls ect.

Social psychology (11 decks)

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