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aggression Flashcards

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1
Q

define aggression?

A

behaviour with the primary intent of harming another individual of the same species

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2
Q

what is important to the definition?

A

motives, target, context

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3
Q

overt attention?

A

intends to cause physical harm or inflict injury

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4
Q

social/relational aggression?

A

intends to harm emotional well-being, such as gossip/insults

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5
Q

multiple definitions of aggression means….

A

multiple measures of aggression

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6
Q

give examples of how to measure aggression?

A

1) observational learning , 2)verbal expression of willingness to act violently (researchers just asking about your aggressive tendencies) , 3) self reports, teacher reports 5) milgrams obedience study / hot sauce paradigm (modern day equivalent of milgrams study)

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7
Q

john Dalton theorised the….

A

frustration-aggression hypothesis

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8
Q

explain the frustration-aggression hypothesis?

A

the concept that all aggression is the product of frustration and that frustration invariably leads to aggression

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9
Q

chronic frustration has what impact on society?

A

leads to violence

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10
Q

when people do not get what they want it leads to

A

frustration

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11
Q

identify problems with the frustration aggression hypotheses?

A

doesn’t really provide a good explanation of truly spontaneous aggression, fails to explain how aggression can be learned, or explain sex differences in aggression

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12
Q

albert bandura developed which theory?

A

social learning theory

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13
Q

social learning theory argues that

A

behaviour is learned through observation of others and through direct rewards and punishments

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14
Q

BOBO doll experiment?

A

those who had previously seen someone act aggressively towards the doll were more aggressive when they subsequently played with the doll

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15
Q

key point of the BOBO doll experiment….

A

aggressive models elicit aggressive imitations

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16
Q

people develop more poisitve attitudes towards aggression after viewing models and develop?

A

scripts for aggressive reactions, these scripts are then elicited spontaneously in future situations

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17
Q

an example of a script?

A

witnessing parents behave aggressively influences childrens subsequent aggressive behavior

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18
Q

is learning restricted to family modelling…

A

no, learning from witnessing violence on tv ect

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19
Q

identify 3 biological approaches to aggression?

A

psychodynamic theory, ethology and evolutionary psychology

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20
Q

briefly explain the psychodynamic theory?

A

freud argued that humans possess a death instinct (Thanatos) which functions in opposition to the life instinct (eros - survival, reproduction) < argues that aggressive urges are innate and that they build up in the body and must be expressed

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21
Q

with reference to psychodynamic theory, how are these aggressive urges expressed

A

through CATHARSIS < release of pent up aggression through often symbolic acts of aggression

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22
Q

identify problems of the psychodynamic theory?

A

over simple, one track, cannot explain many nuacances of observed behaviour, what are these instincts?

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23
Q

ethology is

A

study of animal behaviour and is a field led by KONRAD LORENZ

24
Q

early ethology focused on certain behaviors such as

A

imprinting, releaser stimuli

25
Q

basic idea of ethology =

A

innate behaviours have survival value

26
Q

releasers =

A

specific stimuli in the social environment

27
Q

fixed action patterns =

A

releasers elicit specific behaviours

28
Q

innate instinct that is elicited by releasers =

A

aggression

29
Q

releasers elicit aggression because

A

aggression in that context provides a survival value

30
Q

aggression is then?

A

inevitable (fixed action pattern) and controlled biologically by hormones.

31
Q

problems with ethology?

A

overly simplistic, unclear what the releasers are, behaviour seems more flexible and conditional (eg: linked with social status)

32
Q

fitness is

A

the ability to survive and reproduce

33
Q

central idea =

A

context-sensitive solutions to particular adaptive problems of social living

34
Q

evolutionary psychology

A

the idea that particular aggressive behaviour has evolved because they enhance the fitness of the possesor

35
Q

animals and humans aggress when?

A

it is benefitical to their survival and reproduction ( including inclusive fitness)

36
Q

these approaches share in common the arguments that?

A

aggression is linked to a clear evolutionary benefit and aggressiveness can be heritable ( NOT DETERMINISTIC, NOT A PRECONDITION FOR THE APPROACH)

37
Q

these approaches vary in the way they are expressed:

A

ethological = fixed action pattern in response to releaser (limited evidence)
evolutionary psychology = context-sensitive, flexible (humans, most animals)

38
Q

genetic evidence, aggression is

A

heritable, REFER TO NOTES

39
Q

Humans rely on what to study heritability?

A

twin studies

40
Q

what hormone is directly linked to aggression

A

testosterone

41
Q

testosterone increases

A

prior to competition, change after competition depends on the outcome

42
Q

do hormones/genes cause behaviour?

A

no, they predispose us to aggression

43
Q

aggression is elicited by

A

social and environmental triggers, shaped by both our upbringing (social learning) and social context.

44
Q

girls tend to be

A

less aggressive than boys but tend to divulge more in relational aggression compared to boys

45
Q

what perpetuates sex differences in aggression?

A

different rewards and punishments for aggressive behaviours between the sexes

46
Q

direct aggression may be an important way for boys to achieve

A

status - but also likely underpinned by differences in T ( especially after puberty)

47
Q

narcissim and high self esteem positively related to

A

aggression

48
Q

Type A personality Is strongly linked with

A

aggressive behavior

49
Q

the tendency to aggress develops

A

from a young age and tends to be stable over time

50
Q

how alcohol triggers aggression?

A

Alcohol interacts with testosterone levels and inhibits higher order cognitive function
Promotes changes that result in threatening situations appearing less dangerous, through disinhibition: the breakdown of learned controls (eg: to behave impulsively, how to behave in a particular context)
BUT: there is a placebo effect too. If people think they drink alcohol they also behave more aggressively. This suggests a SOCIAL LEARNING EFFECT (IE: CULTURAL AND PERSONAL BELIEFS ABOUT ALCOHOL MAY CONTRIBUTE TO AGGRESSION EFFECTS)

51
Q

statistics for crimes commited under the influence of alcohol?

A

a least a half of sexual offences
2/3 of murders
½ of offences against spouses

52
Q

how situation triggers aggression?

A

aspects of our environment influence how we aggress
Two aspects of the physical environment that trigger aggression are HEAT/TEMPERATURE and CROWDING.
Two aspects of the social environment that contribute to aggression are CULTURAL VARIATION and MASS MEDIA.

53
Q

temperature and aggression?

A

Assaults are more common in the summer/warmer months
People report more negative moods on very hot days, even in places that are generally warm
Ethological experiment about road rage/honking.

54
Q

crowding and aggression?

A

Crowding in animals is associated with fighting
In prisons and psychiatric settings crowing has been shown to increase aggressive behaviour
Personal space, also more opportunity
Crowding due to competition for limited resource?

55
Q

cultural influences and aggression?

A

Norms differ between cultural groups, these differences have been shaped from unique histories. The result is groups who differ in aggressive expression and tendency.
Culture of honor = some cultures endorse male violence as a way to address threats to social or economic position.

56
Q

media exposure and aggression?

A

Desensitization > reduction in responsiveness to material that would normally elicit a strong emotional reaction.
Long term changes in proclivity to aggression
Short and long term effects.

57
Q

key final comments?

A

SOCIAL AND BIOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS FOR AGGRESSIVE (OR ANY) BEHAVIOUR ARE RARELY MUTALLY EXCLUSIVE. in other words, both social learning and condition-dependent fitness benefits may be important in shaping how people behave.
Beware that if aggression (or any behaviour) is shaped by hormones and genes, this DOES NOT MEAN THAT THEY CAUSE THE BEHAVIOUR, though they likely do PREDISPOSE us to it.

Social psychology (11 decks)

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