Attitudes

Question 1

Definition of Attitude

Answer 1

a predisposition to act in a particular way towards someone or something in a persons environment

Question 2

Positive attitudes associated with PE and sport

Answer 2

• believe in exercise and that it is good for us
• enjoyable past experience in sport
• being good at a particular sport
• being excited by the challenge of sport
• use sport as a stress release
• having being subjected to the influences of others where participation is the norm
• encouragement by significant others
• having opportunities to continue participation
• postive role models
• media influences
• enjoy competition
• socialisation or cultural norms

Question 3

Negative attitudes associated with PE and sport

Answer 3

• not believe in the benefits of exercise
• poor past experiences
• injury
• lack of physical or perceptual skills necessary for success
• a fear of taking part / failure
• suffering from stress when taking part
• influences where not taking part is the norm
• find PE or sport frustrating or boring
• lack of encouragement
• lack of opportunity
• disapproval of peers/family
• negative role models
• personal constraints (age, gender, race, size)
• media, negative reports

Question 4

What’s the components of The Triadic Model?

Answer 4

1. cognitive
2. Affective
3. Behavioural

Question 5

What is the cognitive component of the triadic model?

Answer 5

> relates with beliefs
our beliefs are formed through past experiences we encounter and what we have learned from others
those who are significant others are likely to influence beliefs
- e.g. you have a positive attitude to sport as you believe its good for you

Question 6

What is the affective component of the triadic model?

Answer 6

> refers to our emotion and reflects our values
its how we feel with certain topics
relates to whether we like/dislike something (come from past experiences)
situations we enjoy are more likely to encourage
- e.g. you have a positive attitude to sport as you enjoy it

Question 7

What is the behavioural component of the triadic model?

Answer 7

> relates to behaviour
the way we act or behave towards an attitude object
our behaviour is not always consistent with our attitude
- e.g. may believe exercise is good for us, but not exercise often

Question 8

What is persuasive communication?

Answer 8

• in order to be effective the person’s who’s attitude is to be changed must pay attention and must understand, accept and retain the message being given
• the coach must be an expert, be seen to be trustworthy, the message being given must be clear, unambiguous, balanced between emotion and logic and must be balanced between the advantages and disadvantages

Question 9

What is cognitive dissonance?

Answer 9

• occurs when 2 completely different and contradictory facts affect the behaviour of a sportsman (emotional conflict)
• for example, when a sports performer knows that to maintain their success, they must maximise4 the use of their lungs, and knows therefore that smoking is bad, yet continues to smoke as they like the sensations

Question 10

Methods of changing attitude: Cognitive dissonance?

Answer 10

• change the element in relation to their behaviour, beliefs or feeling about a situation
• watching peers who are successful
• creating cognitive consonance - changing a component causes a drive to re-establish consonance

Question 11

Methods of changing attitude: Persuasive communication?

Answer 11

• needs to be a from a high status model / role model or significant other (the persuader)
• the message being given needs to be relevant, clear, concise and accurate
• the recipient needs to have the appropriate ability / understanding to understand the message being given

Question 12

Methods of changing attitude: Punishment?

Answer 12

• punish dysfunction or unhealthy lifestyles to stop unhealthy attitudes

Question 13

Methods of changing attitude: Reinforcement?

Answer 13

Positive - positive reinforcement through praise / rewards, when the individual follows the desired attitude
Negative - negative reinforcement or taking away negative stimuli to ensure the attitude changes. e.g. by improving a performers diet and duration of sleep, they feel better about adopting a healthy lifestyle

Question 14

Methods of changing attitude: Cognitive method?

Answer 14

promoting or educating the performer to believe in the value of a healthy lifestyle. This could involve measuring or weighing the individual to demonstrate how unhealthy they are

Question 15

Methods of changing attitude:
Affective method?

Answer 15

Getting the individual to enjoy the activity to ensure they have a positive emotional connection with physical activity. This could be achieved by varying the fitness programme or simplifying the activity so their concerns are addressed

Question 16

Methods of changing attitude: Role models?

Answer 16

Use role models to show the benefit of following a healthy diet / taking part in physical activity

Question 17

Methods of changing attitude: reattribution?

Answer 17

Providing reasons for following an unhealthy lifestyle and demonstrate to the performer that they are in control of the choices they make

Question 18

Methods of changing attitude: raise self-esteem/confidence?

Answer 18

By convincing / persuading the individual to look after themselves, and recognise the success they have previously encountered

Question 19

Methods of changing attitudes: group or peer pressure?

Answer 19

Get then to join a group of likeminded others to encourage them to get invloved

Question 20

Methods of changing attitudes: goal setting?

Answer 20

Set the individual to set SMART targets that are achievable, specific, measurable, realistic and time-bound so they can see progress being made