Attachment - cultural variations

Question 1

what was Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s research

Answer 1

• 1988
• look at proportions of attachment types across countries
• looked at differences within the same countries - idea of variations within a culture

Question 2

what was Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s procedure

Answer 2

• used 32 studies where the strange situation was used
• 8 countries
• meta-analysis

Question 3

what did Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg find

Answer 3

• secure most common 75% in Britain and 50% in China
• individualistic - Insecure resistant all under 14%
• collectivist - insecure resistant all above 25%
• USA one found 46% securely attached and in another 90%

Question 4

what was the Italian study

Answer 4

Simonelli et al (2014)
- 50% secure
- 36% insecure avoidant
- increasing number of mother using professional childcare

Question 5

what was the Korean study

Answer 5

Kyoung et al (2012)
- most babies secure
- more classified as insecure resistant with one baby being avoidant

Question 6

what are the strengths of cultural variations

Answer 6

Indigenous Researchers
- potential problems in cross cultural research is avoided
- researcher’s misunderstanding of language is avoided
- bias is avoided

Question 7

what are the limitations of cultural variations

Answer 7

Confounding Variables
- environmental variables - room size, babies may explore more in smaller rooms with lots of toys than a bare empty room
- poverty, social class, rural or urban areas and age of pps

Imposed Etic
- impose an idea that can work across culture
- behaviours measured in the strange situation may not have the same meanings in different cultural contexts and comparing them across cultures is meaningless