Attachment Flashcards
1
Q
Interactional synchrony support
A
ISABELLA
- Assessed 30 mothers and infants for interactional synchrony and quality of attachment.
- Correlation found.
2
Q
Role of the father
A
SCHAFFER AND EMMERSON
- Most formed specific attachment at 7 months and multiple attachments soon after.
- 75% formed attachment to father by 18 months (protested when walked away).
GROSSMAN
- Longitudinal study looking at relationship between parent’s behaviour and quality of attachment.
- Quality of attachment to mothers important in adolescent attachment.
- Quality of father’s play important in adolescent attachment.
FIELD
- Filmed 4-month-old babies with primary care giver mothers or fathers and secondary caregiver fathers.
- Primary care giver fathers spent more time smiling, imitating and holding.
- Level of responsiveness not gender determining attachment.
FREEMAN AND ALMOND
- Study of 1012 young adults’ perception of fathers as attachment figures.
- Ranked level of support received and sought from different people and provided information on commitment, intimacy and advice.
- 10% considered fathers a principal source of attachment support.
3
Q
Role of the father explanation
A
OFFICE FOR NATIONAL STATISTICS (2014)
- Of families with one parent working it was the father 87% of the time.
- Of families with both parents working, 54% mother part time and 12% father part time.
4
Q
KEY STUDY: Schaffer stages of attachment
A
SCHAFFER AND EMERSON
Procedure:
- Longitudinal study of 60 babies from skilled working class families in Glasgow.
- Visited every month for the first year and at 18 months.
- Interviewed mother on separation anxiety (rated distress on 3-point scale) and structured observation of stranger anxiety.
Findings:
- 50% separation anxiety from specific attachment between 25 and 32 weeks.
- 80% specific attachment by 40 weeks.
- 30% multiple attachments by 40 weeks.
- Specific attachment to adult most interactive and sensitive to signals.
5
Q
KEY STUDY: Lorenz (animal studies)
A
LORENZ
Procedure:
- Clutch of goose eggs randomly divided
- Half hatched with mother and half in incubator, where Lorenz was first moving object saw.
Findings:
- Incubator group followed Lorenz, control group followed mother.
- Continued when groups mixed.
- Critical period where imprinting must takes place (few hours in some species).
6
Q
Imprinting against
A
GUITON
- Imprinted chicks to yellow washing up gloves.
- Learned to prefer mating with chickens.
7
Q
KEY STUDY: Harlow (animal studies)
A
HARLOW
Procedure:
- Tested importance of contact comfort in development.
- Variety of conditions, some with cloth or wire mother, some with both and some with neither.
- KEY: 16 monkeys reared with 1 wire mother and 1 cloth mother.
- In first condition milk dispensed by wire mother and in other by cloth mother.
Findings:
- Sought comfort from cloth mother when frightened; contact comfort more important than food.
- Clung to cloth mother not dispensing milk for 23.5/24 hours, even when spike.
- Monkeys developed abnormal social behaviour (especially those with only wire mother): more aggressive, unskilled at mating, neglected/attacked young.
- Critical attachment period of 90 days or damage from deprivation inevitable.
8
Q
Learning theory against
A
LORENZ
Geese imprinted before feeding and maintained attachment regardless.
HARLOW
Preferred cloth mother even when wire mother providing food.
SCHAFFER AND EMERSON
Primary attachment to those most responsive not feeder.
9
Q
Monotropy support
A
SCHAFFER AND EMERSON
80% had specific attachment by 40 weeks.
10
Q
Monotropy against
A
SCHAFFER AND EMERSON
Some babies formed multiple attachments at the same time.
11
Q
Internal working model support
A
BAILEY
- 99 mother with 1yo babies.
- Assessed attachment quality of baby and that of its mother to her own mother using interviews and observations.
- Poor attachment with own mother meant more likely with child.
12
Q
Social releasers support
A
BRAZELTON
- Still faced experiment
- When mother stopped responding babies used all tools: smiling, cooing, crying and eventually lie motionless.
13
Q
KEY STUDY: Ainsworth’s strange situation (attachment types)
A
AINSWORTH
Procedure:
- Controlled lab experiment.
- Covert observation through two-way mirror.
- 100 middle class American’s and their children
- Attachment assessed using 5 behaviours.
- 7 3 minute stages after child and caregiver enter playroom.
1. Encouraged to explore; secure base + proximity seeking.
2. Stranger enters and interacts: stranger anxiety.
3. Care giver leaves with stranger: stranger anxiety + separation anxiety.
4. Care giver returns and stranger leaves: reunion + secure base.
5. Care giver leaves child alone: separation anxiety.
6. Stranger returns: stranger anxiety.
7. Care giver returns: reunion.
Findings:
- Developed 3 attachment types from patterns of behaviour.
- Interviews determined sensitivity determines attachment type.
14
Q
Ainsworth support
A
BICK
94% agreement between observers on attachment type.
15
Q
KEY STUDY: Ijzendoorn (cultural variations)
A
IJZENDOORN
Procedure:
- Weighted meta-analysis comparing attachment types within and between cultures.
- 43 strange situation replications in 8 (18 in USA and collectivist cultures underrepresented) countries of 1,990 children.
Findings:
- Secure most common in all countries (varied from 75% in Britain to 50% in China).
- All countries had children rated as A, B and C.
- Insecure-resistant rarest overall, except in Japan and Israel.
- Insecure avoidant most common in Germany and least common in Japan.
- Variation 150% greater within cultures than between them (46%-90% secure in USA).
