Attachment Flashcards
What is attachment?
A close two-way emotional bond between two individuals, in which each individual sees the other as essential for their own emotional security
What is interactional synchrony?
- The temporal coordination of micro-level social behaviour
- It takes place when the caregiver and infant interact in such a way that their actions and emotions mirror each other
What is reciprocity?
- Caregiver-infant interaction is reciprocal in that both caregiver and baby respond respond to each other’s signals and each elicits a response from the other
Which 3 psychologists conducted research into interactional synchrony?
- Meltzoff and Moore discovered that infants aged 2-3 weeks displayed a tendency to mimic adults’ facial expressions and hand movements - mimicry is an innate ability that helps in the formation of attachment
- Isabella et al found that infants with secure attachments demonstrated interactional synchrony during the first year of life
Who conducted research into reciprocity and what did they find?
- Feldman & Eidelman
- Research shows that mothers typically pick up on and respond to their baby’s alertness around 2/3 of the time
What are the strengths of research into caregiver-infant interaction? (A03)
- Filmed lab observations: other activity that may distract a baby can be controlled + having filmed interactions means more than one observer can record data and establish inter-rater reliability + babies don’t know their being observed - reliable data produced
- Practical applications in parenting skills training: Crotwell et al found that a 10min parent-child interaction therapy improved interactional synchrony in 20 low-income mothers & their pre-school children
What are the weaknesses of research into caregiver-infant interactions? (A03)
- Difficult to interpret a baby’s behaviour: young babies lack coordination + movements observed are subtle changes in expression - much of their bodies are almost immobile e.g if a hand twitch is random or triggered by caregiver -> can’t be certain that behaviours seen have a special meaning
- Observing a behaviour doesn’t tell us its developmental importance: Feldman pointed out that ideas like interactional synchrony give names to patterns of observable behaviour but are robust phenomena (can be reliably observed) that don’t tell us the purpose of these behaviours
What research did Crotwell et al conduct into interactional synchrony?
After 10 mins of interactional therapy, levels of interactional synchrony between mothers and their pre-school children improved
What are Schaffer’s 4 stages of development?
- Asocial stage (first few weeks): observable behaviour towards humans and inanimate objects are similar + easily comforted by familiar faces
- Indiscriminate attachment (2-7months): clear preference for humans over inanimate objects but still can be comforted by anyone
- Specific attachment (7-11months): child becomes attached to primary attachment figure (one who offers the most interaction + responds to signals) - mother in 65% of cases
- Multiple attachments (11months+): after showing attachment behaviour to one person, they extend this behaviour to multiple attachments with whom they regularly spend time → secondary attachments
What are the strengths of Schaffer’s stages of attachment? (A03)
- Good external validity: most observations were made by parents during ordinary activities and reported to researchers rather than record observations (could have distracted babies or made them anxious) → natural behaviour
- Counter: mothers are unlikley to be objective observers - may have been biased in terms of what they noticed/reported
- Real-world application: in day care -> straightforward during asocial & indiscriminate stages (comforted by any anyone) but their research tells us starting daycare, especially with an unfamilar adult, can be problematic during specifc stage -> parents use of day care can be planned using Schaffer’s stages
- Generalisability: Schaffer& Emerson based their stage account on a large-scale study with some good design features
What are the weaknesses of Schaffer’s stages of attachment? (A03)
- Poor evidence for asocial stage: low validity used to assess attachment in this stage - young babies have poor co-ordination & are fairly immobile → if babies less than two months displayed anxiety in everyday situations, it would be subtle + hard for mothers to observe & report back signs of anxiety → social babies may appear asocial due to flawed methods
- Lacks population validity: based on observational study 60 babies from Glasgow, all from 1960s working-class families - attachment behaviours may differ by culture, social class, or historical context
- Culture bias: based on Western norms e.g. monotropy - in collectivist cultures, forming multiple attachments from an early age is the norm (Ijzendoorn)
What research did Schaffer and Emerson conduct into the stages of attachment?
- Conducted a longitudinal observation of 60 working-class babies from Glasgow
- Visited babies & mothers in their homes monthly for first year then at 18 months
Findings: - Separation anxiety occured in most babies by 25-32 weeks, with stranger anxiety starting one month later
- In 18-month follow up, 87% developed multiple attachments
- Strongest attachment was to those mothers who had consistent caregiver-infant interactions
What animal study research did Lorenz carry out into attachment?
- Lorenz studied the effect of imprinting in geese
- He divided a group of goose eggs → half were hatched with mother goose in their natural environment, the other half hatched in an incubator where the first moving object they saw was Lorenz
- Once the chicks had hatched, the geese that he had incubated followed him around similarly to how the geese followed their natural mother around
What is a critical period and what were the critical periods in Harlow and Lorenz’s experiments?
- Critical period: an attachment has to take place within a certain time scale, otherwise, it will never happen for the infant
- Lorenz (geese): first few hours of hatching - 13-16hrs
- Harlow (monkeys): 90 days
What is imprinting?
Where bird species that are mobile from birth attach to and follow the first moving object they see
What animal study research did Harlow carry out into attachment?
- Harlow performed a study with 16 monkeys investigating mother-infant attachment
- They were presented with two mothers (conditions) - one made out of wire mesh, one made from cloth & both dispensed food
- They preferred the cloth-covered mother regardless of which dispensed milk → more to the mother child bond than nourishment (contact comfort)
What is a strength of Lorenz’s animal studies on attachment? (A03)
- Research support for imprinting: Regolin & Vallortigara found that when chicks were exposed to a range of shape combinations that moved (a triangle with a rectangle in front), they followed the original most closely - young animals are born with an innate mechanism to imprint
What is a weakness of Lorenz’s animal studies on attachment? (A03)
- Can’t generalise findings from birds to humans: mammalian attachment system is more complex - the mammalian attachment is a two-way process where the mother also shows an emotional attachment to their young - not appropriate to generalise to humans
What is a strength of Harlow’s animal studies on attachment? (A03)
- Real-world value: helped clinical psychologists understand that a lack of bonding experience may be a risk factor in child development allowing them to intervene to prevent poor outcomes (Howe) → we now undersatnd importance of attachment for baby monkeys in zoos → theoretical & practical value
What is a weakness of Harlow’s animal studies on attachment? (A03)
- Can’t generalise findings from monkeys to humans: all mammals share some common attachment behaviours but human brain & behaviour is more complex than that of monkeys
What is cupboard love?
The infant attaches to the caregiver who provides the food
What are the primary and secondary drives?
Primary: Hunger
Secondary: caregiver
How does classical conditioning (learning theory) attempt to explain the development of attachments?
- Through classical conditioning, the baby forms an association between the mother (NS) and the feeling of the pleasure of being fed (innate UCS)
- The baby feels comforted by food but each time it’s fed the mother is present (associates)
- Before long the mother becomes a CS and also causes pleasure for the child
- The baby feels happier when the mother is fed→ beginning of the formation of an attachment
How does operant conditioning (learning theory) attempt to explain the development of attachments?
- The child carries out an action such as crying→ triggers a response e.g. mother coming to comfort or feed the baby
- The more this happens, the more the action is reinforced→ The reward for crying encourages the baby to cry more to receive more rewards like food
- Also negatively reinforces the mother through the removal of incessant crying