Attachment Flashcards

Question

Who studied the other factors that effect a mothers ability to pick up on alert phases

Answer 1

Finegood et al - 2016

Answer 2

- interactions become more frequent - both pay close attention to each other’s verbal signals and facial expressions

Answer 3

The babies as well as the caregiver takes an active role in initiating interactions - seen to take turns

Answer 4

Brazelton et al - 1975

Answer 5

Feldman - 2007

Answer 6

Meltzoff and Moore - 1977

Answer 7

- interactional synchrony - caregiver performed one of three facial expressions and one of three gestures - baby was more likely to mirror caregiver than chance would predict - interactions were filmed - there was a significant association

Answer 8

- observation - 30 mothers and babies - assessed degree of synchrony - assessed quality of mother-baby attachment - high levels of synchrony were associated with better quality mother-baby attachments

Answer 9

- asocial stage - indiscriminate attachment - specific attachment - multiple attachments

Answer 10

First few weeks

Answer 11

2-7 months

Answer 12

7-10 months

Answer 13

10+ months

Answer 14

- can’t tell people apart - preference to humans over non-humans

Answer 15

Shaffer and Emerson - 1964

Answer 16

- recognise and prefer company of familiar people - accept cuddles and comfort from any person - do not show separation or stranger anxiety

Answer 17

- attached towards one particular person - formed a specific attachment to their primary attachment figure - show stranger and separation anxiety

Answer 18

- start to form secondary attachments - 29% of children form one within a mont of forming a primary attachment - majority of babies have formed multiple attachments but 1

Answer 19

- 60 working class babies from Glasgow - logitudinal study - visited once a month for 18 months - asked mothers about babies when faced with separation and stranger anxiety

Answer 20

Four attachment stages - asocial stage - indiscriminate attachment - specific attachment - multiple attachments

Answer 21

- Grossmann et al (2002) - Field (1978)

Answer 22

- longitudinal study - babies attachments were studied into their teens - looked at both parents behaviours and its relationship to the quality of the babies attachment later on

Answer 23

- quality of attachment with mother was related to attachments in later life - quality of fathers play with babies is related to attachment in later life

Answer 24

Father plays a different role to the mother in attachments in later life

Answer 25

Forms a basis of all later close emotional relationships

Answer 26

- filmed 4 month old babies - face to face interactions with primary caregiving mothers, fathers and secondary caregiving fathers - pc f spent more time smiling, imitating and holding babies than sc f

Answer 27

- fathers have the potential to be more emotion-focused primary attachment figures - can provide close emotional attachment but maybe only when a primary caregiver

Answer 28

Imprinting

Answer 29

- randomly divided a clutch of goose eggs - half were hatched with their mother in their natural habitat - half were hatched in an incubator with Lorenz being the first thing they saw

Answer 30

- experimental group followed Lorenz everywhere - control group followed mother everywhere - when mixed the babies continued to follow who they saw first

Answer 31

When a baby bird follows and attaches to the first moving object they see

Answer 32

Chicks will not attach themselves to a mother figure

Answer 33

An animal displays a preference to the animal they imprinted on - display courtship behaviours towards them

Answer 34

The importance of contact comfort, maternal deprivation

Answer 35

- 16 baby monkeys - two wire model mothers - one condition milk was given by a plane wire mother - other condition milk was dispensed by a cloth covered mother

Answer 36

- monkeys cuddles cloth-covered mothers in preference to plain-wire other - sought comfort with cloth mother when frightened - contact comfort was of more importance than food

Answer 37

- plain-wire monkeys were the most dysfunctional - cloth-covered monkeys did not develop normal social skills - more aggressive - less sociable - bred less - mothers neglected and attacked their children

Answer 38

Dollard & Miller - 1950

Answer 39

The importance of the attachment figure as a provider of food - cupboard love

Answer 40

Food - UCS Pleasure - UCR Mother - NS NS -> CS Mother = CS Pleasure = CR

Answer 41

- baby cries for comfort - caregiver responds - crying reinforced - two way process - caregiver receives negative reinforcement

Answer 42

An innate, biological motivator

Answer 43

Learned by association between the caregiver and the satisfaction of a primary drive

Answer 44

Attachment

Answer 45

Sears et al - 1957

Answer 46

If it were true a two year old would take to whoever fed them. This is not the case

Answer 47

- law of continuity - law of accumulation separation

Answer 48

The more constant and predictable a child’s care, the better the quality of their attachment

Answer 49

The effects of every separation from the mother add up - better to have no separation

Answer 50

Set of innate ‘cute’ behaviours

Answer 51

- smiling - cooing - gripping

Answer 52

Activate adult social interaction

Answer 53

6 months - 2 years

Answer 54

- future relationships - how they parent themselves

Answer 55

Ainsworth & Bell - 1970

Answer 56

To observe key attachment behaviours as a means of assessing the quality of a baby’s attachment to a caregiver

Answer 57

- controlled observation - measuring security of attachment a baby displays towards a caregiver - two-way mirror - lab setting - researcher judged of 5 behaviours - 7 steps each lasting 3 minutes

Answer 58

- proximity seeking - exploration and secure-base behaviour - stranger anxiety - separation anxiety - response to reunion

Answer 59

- baby is encouraged to explore - stranger enters, talks to mother and approaches baby - caregiver leaves baby and stranger alone - caregiver returns and stranger leaves - caregiver leaves baby alone - stranger returns - caregiver returns

Answer 60

- exploration and secure base - stranger anxiety - separation and stranger anxiety - reunion behaviour and exploration/secure base - separation anxiety - stranger anxiety - reunion behaviour

Answer 61

Three attachment types - secure attachment - insecure-avoidant attachment - insecure-resistant attachment

Answer 62

- explore happily - regularly go back to their caregiver - show moderate separation and stranger anxiety - require and accept comfort

Answer 63

- explore freely - do not seek proximity or show secure base behaviour - little or no reaction when caregiver leaves (separation anxiety) - little stranger anxiety - little effort or even avoid making contact

Answer 64

- seek greater proximity than others - explore less - high levels of stranger and separation anxiety

Answer 65

Van IJzendoorn & Kroonenberg - 1988 Simonelli - 2014 Jin - 2012

Answer 66

- looked at 32 studies on attachment - across 8 countries - 1990 children - used meta analysis

Answer 67

- Great Britain - Netherlands - China - Japan - Israel - USA - Sweden - Germany

Answer 68

- wide variation - secure attachment highest in all countries (75% in GB, 50% in China) - IR attachment same as Ainsworth’s study in individualist cultures - different in collectivist cultures (rates above 25%) - variations between results of studies **within** the same country were 150% higher than **between** countries

Answer 69

- 76 babies aged 12 months - SS

Answer 70

- 50% secure - 36% IA - more mothers leaving babies to go work

Answer 71

Patterns of attachment types are not static but vary in a line with cultural change

Answer 72

- strange situation - 87 babies

Answer 73

- proportions of insecure and secure babies similar to the SS - most insecure were insecure-resistant - only one insecure-avoidant

Answer 74

Child rearing style

Answer 75

- secure attachment is the norm - attachment is innate and universal - cultural practices have an influence on attachment type

Answer 76

Is there a link between affection less psychopathy and maternal deprivation

Answer 77

Characterised as a lack of affection, lack of guild about their actions and lack of empathy for their victims

Answer 78

- 44 thieves accused of stealing - interviewed for signs of emotionless psychopathy - families interviews to see if thieves had prolonged early separations from their mothers - compared against a control group of 44 non-thieves

Answer 79

- 14/44 thieves were affectionless psychopaths - 12/14 had experienced prolonged separation from mother - 3/30 thieves experienced prolonged separation - 2/44 non-thieves experienced prolonged separation

Answer 80

Prolonged early separation caused affectionless psychopaths

Answer 81

- intellectual - emotional

Answer 82

Goldfarb (1947) - Lowe IQ in children who remained institutionalized compared to being fostered

Answer 83

- prevents a person from developing fulfilling relationships - associated with criminality

Answer 84

- filmed observations - difficulty observing babies - developmental importance - practical values versus ethics

Answer 85

- strength - interactions are usually filmed in a lab - other activity can be controlled - observations can be recorded and analyzed later - unlikely to miss seeing key behaviours - inter observer reliability - babies do not know they are being watch - no demand characteristics - good reliability and validity

Answer 86

- limitation - hard to interpret baby’s behaviour - babies lack co-ordination - most of their bodies are almost immobile - small movements and changes in expressions - difficult to be sure - hard to determine what is taking place from the baby’s perspective - may be random or triggered - cannot be certain that the behaviour seen have a special meaning

Answer 87

- limitation - simply observing a behaviour doesn’t tell us its developmental importance - Feldman showed that synchrony gives a name to patterns of observable behaviour - can be reliably observed - may not be useful in understanding child development as it doesn’t tell us the purpose of the behaviour - cannot be certain from observational research alone that reciprocity and synchrony are important in development COUNTERPOINT - evidence that early interactions are important - Isabella found that achievement of interactional synchrony predicted the development of good quality attachment - interactions are probably important in development

Answer 88

- strength/limitation - practical applications in parenting skills training - found PCIT improved interactional synchrony in 20 low income mothers and their pre-school children - socially sensitive - used to argue that when a mom goes back to work it can risk damaging the baby’s development

Answer 89

- good external validity - poor evidence for the asocial stage - real world application - generalizability

Answer 90

- strength - good external validity - observations were made by parents during normal activities - if researchers were there could have distracted babies or made them anxious - highly likely the pps behaved naturally COUNTERPOINT - issues with the mother being the observer - unlikely to be objective - biased - may have not recognized certain behaviours - misinterpreted or misremembered behaviours - even if babies behaved naturally they may not have been accurately recorded

Answer 91

- limitation - validity of the measures they used to assess attachment in the asocial stage - young babies have poor mobility and coordination - may display actions in hard to observe ways - difficult for mothers to observe - babies may be social but due to flawed methods appear asocial

Answer 92

- strength - practical application in day care - in asocial and indiscriminate stages day care is likely to be straightforward - babies can be comforted by any skilled adult - day care may be problematic during the specific attachment stage - parents can plan when they use day care

Answer 93

- limitation - based their stages on large scale studies - only looks at one sample - had unique features - cultural and historical context - collectivist cultures have multiple attachments from a young age as the norm

Answer 94

- confusion over research questions - conflicting evidence - real world application - bias in the research

Answer 95

- limitation - lack of clarity over the question being asked - the role of the father is much more complicated than it sounds - some want to know the role as a primary caregiver and others the secondary caregiver - primary = can take on the role of the mother - secondary = behave differently to mothers and have distinct roles - difficult to give a simple answer - depends what specific role is being discussed

Answer 96

- limitation - findings vary according to the methodology - longitudinal studies: Grossmann - secondary fathers have an important and distinct role in a child’s development - if fathers did have a distinct roles families without a father would be missing something - studies show that children do not develop differently - questions remained unanswered COUNTERPOINT - lines of research may not be in conflict - fathers take on distinctive roles - families without fathers are able to adapt to take on the role played by fathers - the question is clear after all - fathers adapt to roles but families can adapt to not having a father

Answer 97

- strength - can be used to offer advice to parents - families worry about having children at all - stereotypical views of mothers and fathers - fathers working may not be the most economical solution - mothers feel pressured to stay with their babies - fathers are capable to become the primary attachment figure - not having a father does not affect a child’s development - parental anxiety about the role of the father can be reduced

Answer 98

- limitation - preconceptions about how fathers behave can be created by stereotypical accounts and images - made in advertising - stereotypes can cause unintentional observer bias - see what they want instead of what is actually there

Answer 99

- research support - generalizability to humans

Answer 100

- real world value - generalizability to humans

Answer 101

- strength - existence of support for the concept of imprinting - Regolin & Vallortigara support Lorenz’s idea of imprinting - chicks were exposed to moving objects - range of shape combinations were then moved in front of them - followed the original shape more closely - young animals are born with an innate mechanisms to imprint on a moving object

Answer 102

- limitation - ability to generalize findings and conclusions from birds to humans - mammalian attachment system is different and more complex than birds - mammals attachment is a two way process - young and mothers - mammalian mothers show an emotional attachment to their young - not appropriate to generalize Lorenz’s ideas to humans

Answer 103

- strength - helped social workers and clinical psychologists - lack of bonding experience may be a risk factor in child development - zoos and breeding programs in the wild - not just theoretical but practical

Answer 104

- limitation - ability to generalize findings and conclusions from monkeys to humans - monkeys are more like humans than birds - share common attachment behaviours - human brain and behaviour is still more complex than monkeys - may not be appropriate to generalize Harlow’s findings to humans

Answer 105

- counter evidence from animal studies - counter evidence from studies on humans - some conditioning may be involved - social learning theory

Answer 106

- limitation - lack of support from studies conducted on animals - no support for the importance of food - monkeys display attachment behaviour towards soft mothers in preference to wire mother with milk - factors other than association with food are important in the formation of attachment

Answer 107

- limitation - lack of support from studies of human babies - S&E found babies form their main attachment to their mothers regardless of if they feed them - Isabella sound high levels of interactional synchrony predicted the quality of attachment - not related to food - suggests food is not the main factor in the formation of human attachments

Answer 108

- strength - elements of conditioning could be involved in some aspects of attachment - unlikely association with food plays a central role in attachment - conditioning may play a role - baby may associate feeling warm and comfortable with the presence of a particular adult - may influence the baby’s choice of their main attachment figure - learning theory may still be useful in understanding the development of attachments COUNTERPOINT - classical and operant see the baby as playing a passive role in attachment - research shows this isnt true - babies play a very active role - conditioning may not be an adequate explanation of any aspect of attachment

Answer 109

- limitation - Hay & Vespa says parents teach children to love them by demonstrating attachment behaviour - reinforce loving behaviour by showing approval when a babies display their own attachment behaviour - based around two way interaction - fits better with research into the importance of reciprocity

Answer 110

- validity of monotropy challenged - support for social releasers - support for internal working model - feminist concerns

Answer 111

- limitation - concept of monotropy lacks validity - significant minority of babies formed multiple attachments at the same time (S&E) - first attachment is stronger but not necessarily different - Bowlby may be incorrect that there is a unique quality and importance to the child’s primary attachment

Answer 112

- strength - supporting the role of social releasers - evidence that cute baby behaviours elicit interaction from caregivers - Brazelton - observed babies trigger interactions with adults using social releasers - primary attachment figure then ignored the babies social releasers - became increasingly distressed and some eventually curled up and lay motionless - role of social releasers in emotional development - are important in the process of attachment development

Answer 113

- strength - support for the internal working model - predicts the pattern of attachment being passed from one generation to the next - Bailey assessed attachment relationships in 99 mothers and their one year olds - measures the mothers attachment to their own primary attachment figure - assessed the attachment quality of the babies - mothers with poor attachment to primary attachment figures were more likely to be poorly attached to their babies - mothers ability to form attachments to their babies influenced by their internal working models COUNTERPOINT - other important influences on social development - genetic differences in anxiety and sociability affect social behaviour - impact parenting ability - overstated the importance of the internal working model - expense of other factors

Answer 114

- limitation - laws of continuity and accumulated separation - mothers work may negatively affect their child’s emotional development - sets up mothers to take the blame it anything goes wrong - gives an excuse to restrict mothers activities - people dont think the mothers role was important - mothers were not regarded necessary

Answer 115

- good predictive validity - good reliability - culture bound - other attachment types

Answer 116

- strength - predicts a number of aspects of the baby’s later development - secure attachment had better better outcomes than others - better achievement in school, less involvement in bullying - better mental health in adulthood - insecure resistant had worst outcomes - measures something real and meaningful in a baby’s development COUNTERPOINT - not all psychologists believe this something is attachment - genetically influenced anxiety levels - influence attachment and later development - may not actually measure attachment

Answer 117

- strength - good inter rater reliability - Bick tested inter-rater reliability - agreement on attachment types 94% of the time - procedure takes place under highly controlled conditions - behaviour involved large movements - easy to observe - confident attachment types assessed do not depend on subjective judgements

Answer 118

- limitation - may not be a valid measure of attachment in different cultural contexts - SS developed in Britain and US - culture bound - different experiences may affect their response to the SS - Japan: high levels of separation anxiety - not due to high rates of attachment insecurity - mother baby separation is very rare - difficult to know what the SS is measuring when used outside Europe and US

Answer 119

- limitation - Main & Solomon found a fourth category type - type D mis of resistant and avoidant behaviours - unusually - experienced some form of severe neglect or abuse - develop psychological disorders by adulthood

Answer 120

- indigenous research - confounding variables - imposed etic - competing explanations

Answer 121

- strength - most of the studies were conducted by indigenous psychologists - same cultural backgrounds - many potential problems in cross cultural research can be avoided - language: difficulty communicating instructions to them - nations stereotypes of another - enhances the validity of the data collected COUNTERPOINT - not been true for all cross cultural attachment research - difficulties in gathering data from participants outside their own culture - data from some countries might have been affected by bias and difficulty in cross culture communication

Answer 122

- limitation - confounding variables on findings - studies are to usually matched for methodology when compared ro used in meta-analysis - sample characteristics and environmental variables can confound results - babies might appear to explore more in studies conducted in small rooms: attractive with toys - room size may cause a child to be classified as avoidant - may not tell us anything about cross cultural patterns of attachment

Answer 123

- limitation - trying to impose a test designed for one culture on another - ideas of emic and etic - imposed etic - babies response to reunion with a caregiver - lack of affection on reunion may indicate an avoidant attachment - US - more likely interpreted as independent - Germany - SS may not work in Germany - may not have the same meanings in different cultural contexts - comparing them is meaningless

Answer 124

Cultural uniqueness

Answer 125

Cross cultural universality

Answer 126

Assuming an idea or technique that works in one cultural context will work in another

Answer 127

-limitation - found very similar attachment types in different countries - Bowlby identifies attachment as innate and universal - Van I & K suggest an alternative explanation - media gives a view of how we are meant to behave - may override traditional cultural differences in the way children are brought up

Answer 128

- flawed evidence - deprivation and privation - critical versus sensitive periods - conflicting evidence

Answer 129

- limitation - poor quality of the evidence it is based on - Bowlby carried out both the family interviews and assessments for affectionless psychopathy - open to bias - knew in advance which teenagers were expected to show signs of psychopathy - also influenced by Goldfarb’s research on deprived children in wartime orphanages - confounding variables - experienced early trauma and institutional care - prolonged separation for primary caregiver - original sources had serious flaws - not be taken seriously as evidence today COUNTERPOINT - new line of research - maternal deprivation can have long term effects - separating baby rats from their mothers from as little as a day - permanent effect on their social development - other sources of evidence for his ideas

Answer 130

- limitation - confused between different types of early experience - two types of early negative experiences - loss of primary attachment figure after attachment has developed = deprivation - failure to form any attachment = privation - deprivation is more likely to be the result of privation - may have been prived instead of deprived - Bowlby may have overestimated the seriousness of the effects of deprivation in children’s development

Answer 131

- limitation - idea of critical period - damage was inevitable if attachment wasn’t formed in the first 2.5 years - good quality aftercare prevent most damage - twins experienced extreme physical and emotional abuse from 18 months until 7 years - received excellent care - fully recovered by teens - lasting harm is not inevitable - critical period is better seen as a sensitive period

Answer 132

- limitation - attempts to replicate 44 thieves study failed to produce similar results - Lewis looked at 500 young people - no association between early separation and later psychopathy - recent research has partially supported Bowlby - poor quality maternal care was associated with high rates of psychopathy in adults

Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Attachment Flashcards

Brainscape's Knowledge Genome^TM