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Atoms & radiation (seneca) Flashcards

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1
Q

During Rutherford’s experiment, —– alpha particles passed straight through the foil.

A

most

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2
Q

During Rutherford’s experiment, some particles …

A

bounced back towards the source.

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3
Q

During Rutherford’s experiment, the large deflections suggested that …

A

some positively charged mass in the atom was repelling the particles.

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4
Q

In ——- , an English physicist called J. J. Thomson discovered electrons.

A

1897

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5
Q

In 1897, —————————– discovered electrons.

A

an English physicist called J. J. Thomson

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6
Q

In 1897, an English physicist called J. J. Thomson discovered …

A

electrons.

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7
Q

In —–, Ernest Rutherford discovered that alpha particles could bounce back off atoms.

A

1909

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8
Q

In 1909, ———- discovered that alpha particles could bounce back off atoms.

A

Ernest Rutherford

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9
Q

In 1909, Ernest Rutherford discovered that …

A

alpha particles could bounce back off atoms.

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10
Q

———– discovered that electrons orbit (fly around) the nucleus at fixed distances.

A

Niels Bohr

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11
Q

Niels Bohr discovered that …

A

electrons orbit (fly around) the nucleus at fixed distances.

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12
Q

In ———, James Chadwick discovered that some particles in the nucleus have no charge at all. He called them neutrons.

A

1932

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13
Q

In 1932, —————— discovered that some particles in the nucleus have no charge at all. He called them neutrons.

A

James Chadwick

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14
Q

In 1932, James Chadwick discovered ———————————. He called them neutrons.

A

that some particles in the nucleus have no charge at all

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15
Q

In 1932, James Chadwick discovered that some particles in the nucleus have no charge at all. He called them …

A

neutrons.

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16
Q

When atoms absorb electromagnetic radiation, electrons move to a …

A

higher energy level further away from the nucleus.

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17
Q

When atoms emit electromagnetic radiation, electrons can …

A

drop to a lower energy level, closer to the nucleus.

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18
Q

The number of protons in a nucleus tells us what …

A

element an atom is.

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19
Q

The mass number is the …

A

total number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus.

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20
Q

Hydrogen has 3 different isotopes:

A
  • Protium
  • Deuterium
  • Tritium
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21
Q

Protium is a hydrogen atom with …

A

1 proton and 0 neutrons.

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22
Q

——– of hydrogen atoms are protium.

A

99.98%

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23
Q

Protium used in …

A

hydrogen fuel cells and the production of plastics

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24
Q

Deuterium is a hydrogen atom with …

A

1 proton and 1 neutron.

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25
Q

Around —— of hydrogen atoms are deuterium.

A

0.02%

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26
Q

Deuterium is used in…

A

nuclear fusion.

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27
Q

Tritium is a hydrogen atom with …

A

1 proton and 2 neutrons.

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28
Q

Tritium is …

A

very rare.

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29
Q

Tritium is used in …

A

thermonuclear fusion weapons.

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30
Q

Isotopes are forms of an element that …

A

have the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons.

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31
Q

A nuclide is a type of …

A

isotope.

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32
Q

A nuclide refers to …

A

a specific nucleus that contains a certain number of protons and neutrons.

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33
Q

Nuclides of the same element have:

A
  • different nucleon numbers
  • the same proton number
  • the same number of electrons
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34
Q

An electron can move to a
——- energy level by absorbing electromagnetic radiation.

A

higher

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35
Q

An electron can move to a
higher energy level by …

A

absorbing electromagnetic radiation.

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36
Q

An electron can move to a lower energy level by …

A

emitting electromagnetic radiation.

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37
Q

An electron can move to a —– energy level by emitting electromagnetic radiation.

A

lower

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38
Q

Substances that decay radioactively are “—————”.

A

radioactive substances

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39
Q

We cannot predict when an individual atom will …

A

emit (produce) ionising radiation.

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40
Q

An unstable nucleus can become more stable over time by …

A

randomly (spontaneously) emitting ionising radiation.

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41
Q

An unstable nucleus can become more stable over time by randomly (spontaneously) emitting ionising radiation. This process is called …

A

radioactive decay.

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42
Q

Substances that decay radioactively are “———————-”.

A

radioactive substances

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43
Q

Alpha radiation is produced by…

A

alpha decay

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44
Q

Alpha radiation releases …

A

helium nuclei

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45
Q

Beta radiation is produced by…

A

beta decay

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46
Q

Gamma radiation is produced by…

A

gamma decay

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47
Q

Gamma radiation is a …

A

high-energy electromagnetic wave with a higher frequency than X-Rays.

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48
Q

What are beta particles?

A

electrons

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49
Q

Alpha radiation is a …

A

helium nucleus

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50
Q

Gamma radiation is an …

A

electromagnetic wave produced by gamma decay.

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51
Q

Neutrons are also type of …

A

radiation

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52
Q

Nuclei can become more stable by …

A

decaying.

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53
Q

Nuclei can become more ——- by decaying.

A

stable

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54
Q

In radioactive decay, we cannot predict when an individual atom will emit (produce) ———- radiation.

A

ionising

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55
Q

How is radioactive decay triggered?

A

it is spotaneous

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56
Q

There are three primary ways of detecting radioactivity:

A
  • Cloud chamber
  • Photographic film
  • Geiger counter (Geiger-Muller tube)
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57
Q

A cloud chamber is a …

A

container full of air containing alcohol vapour.

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58
Q

In a cloud chamber, ionising radiation enters the …

A

air and leaves a trail of ionised air molecules.

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59
Q

In a cloud chamber, the alcohol vapour …

A

condenses on the ionised air molecules, showing the trail of radiation.

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60
Q

In photographic film, ionising radiation has the same effect on photographic film as …

A

light.

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61
Q

In photographic film, a bright spot appears wherever the …

A

ionising radiation hits the film.

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62
Q

In Geiger counter (Geiger-Muller tube), ionising radiation enters a…

A

tube full of low-pressure gases.

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63
Q

In Geiger counter (Geiger-Muller tube), it ionises the …

A

atoms in the gas, knocking electrons out of the atoms.

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64
Q

In Geiger counter (Geiger-Muller tube), the gas can now …

A

conduct electricity and completes an electric circuit. Current flows between electrodes.

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65
Q

In Geiger counter (Geiger-Muller tube), current produces a …

A

clicking noise.

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66
Q

The count-rate is the …

A

number of decays recorded each second.

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67
Q

Radon is a …

A

gas that emits alpha particles.

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68
Q

———– is a gas that emits alpha particles.

A

Radon

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69
Q

If we breathe in alpha particles, alpha radiation will …

A

reach our lung tissue.

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70
Q

The sun emits some…

A

ionising radiation.

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71
Q

Fruits high in potassium, like bananas, are …

A

very slightly radioactive.

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72
Q

Rocks like granite contain small amounts of …

A

uranium salts.

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73
Q

Sources of background radiation:

A
  • foods
  • radon gas
  • rocks
  • the sun
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74
Q

Each alpha particle contains …

A

two protons and two neutrons.

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75
Q

Each alpha particle contains two protons and two neutrons.
Because of this, alpha particles have a relative mass of …

A

4.

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76
Q

Because the particles are ———————-, alpha radiation is strongly ionising.

A

big and heavy

77
Q

Because the particles are big and heavy, alpha radiation is …

A

strongly ionising.

78
Q

Alpha particles does a lot of damage but is stopped by a …

A

small amount of matter (like paper).

79
Q

Alpha particles does ————- but is stopped by a small amount of matter (like paper).

A

a lot of damage

80
Q

Beta radiation is made up of …

A

high-energy electrons.

81
Q

Beta radiation is more ionising than 1. but less ionising than …

A
  1. gamma radiation
  2. alpha radiation.
82
Q

Beta radiation can pass through 1. but is stopped by 2.

A
  1. paper
  2. aluminium foil.
83
Q

Gamma radiation is ——– ionising.

A

weakly

84
Q

Gamma radiation does less damage than 1. , but it is stopped only by 2.

A
  1. beta or alpha radiation
  2. centimetres of lead or meters of concrete.
85
Q

Alpha radiation is like a …

A

bull running into a hedge. It does lots of damage to the hedge but doesn’t get through very far.

86
Q

Beta radiation is somewhere between the other two (alpha & gamma), like a …

A

cat running through the hedge.

87
Q

Gamma radiation is like a …

A

bird flying into the hedge.
It can dodge between the branches for a while, but will eventually get stuck.

88
Q

Which is the most penetrating type of radiation?

A

gamma radiation

89
Q

We can use gamma radiation to …

A

sterilise medical equipment in hospitals. Sterilisation kills bacteria and viruses.

90
Q

A radioactive material fires ————- at a smoke detector.

A

alpha particles

91
Q

If there is smoke between the radioactive material and the smoke detector, then …
This will set off the smoke alarm.

A

fewer alpha particles will reach the detector.

92
Q

If we put a gamma-emitting isotope into a patient’s body, we can …

A

trace (follow) the radiation’s movement around the body.

93
Q

Gamma radiation is the most penetrating type of radiation. This means it can 1.
This means gamma can 2.

A
  1. pass through objects more easily than alpha or beta radiation.
  2. leave the body without creating too much damage (ionisation).
94
Q

Gamma radiation also has a ——- half-life. This means that the radiation vanishes quickly.

A

short

95
Q

Gamma radiation also has a short half-life. This means that the radiation …

A

vanishes quickly.

96
Q

We can fire beta particles through paper in a factory to …

A

make sure that the paper being produced is the right thickness.

97
Q

We can fire beta particles through paper in a factory to make sure that the paper being produced is the right thickness.
If the thickness of the paper changes,

A

greater or fewer beta particles will reach the detector. Production can then be stopped.

98
Q

How is blood flow in the body imaged using radiation?

A
  • Gamma-emitting isotopes are injected into the body.
  • We can trace the gamma-emitting particles as they travel in the blood around the body.
  • We can use the detected signal to image the organs in the body.
99
Q

How does a smoke detector work?

A
  • A radioactive material fires alpha particles at a smoke detector.
  • If there is smoke between the radioactive material and the smoke detector, then fewer alpha particles will reach the detector.
  • This will set off the smoke alarm.
100
Q

Nuclear fission splits 1 nucleus into …

A

2 or more smaller nuclei.

101
Q

Nuclear fission splits 1 nucleus into 2 or more smaller nuclei. It usually happens in …

A

nuclear reactors.

102
Q

During fission, a —— collides with a large nucleus and is absorbed. This creates an unstable nucleus.

A

neutron

103
Q

During fission, a neutron collides with a large nucleus and is absorbed. This creates …

A

an unstable nucleus.

104
Q

During fission, a neutron collides with a —————– and is absorbed. This creates an unstable nucleus.

A

large nucleus

105
Q

During fission, after the nucleus splits into fragments there is a release of …

A

large amounts of energy and more neutrons.

106
Q

During fission in a nuclear reactors, the energy released is used to 1. The turbine then 2.

A
  1. boil water, which rotates a turbine.
  2. turns a generator, which produces electricity.
107
Q

If nuclear fission is not controlled, then the rate of nuclear fission can become …

A

faster and faster.

108
Q

If nuclear fission is not controlled, then the rate of nuclear fission can become faster and faster. This starts a chain reaction where each stage of fission produces more and more energy. This could lead to …

A

an explosion.

109
Q

Atom bombs use these chain reactions to create …

A

large explosions and release lots of energy.

110
Q

What kind of reaction happens during nuclear fission?

A

chain reaction

111
Q

Nuclear fusion…

A

fuses (joins) 2 smaller nuclei to create 1 larger nucleus.

112
Q

Nuclear fusion fuses (joins) 2 smaller nuclei to create 1 larger nucleus. Creating this larger nucleus releases …

A

energy.

113
Q

Hydrogen bombs use ————- to release lots of energy in an explosion.

A

nuclear fusion

114
Q

Stars generate their energy from the …

A

fusion of hydrogen and helium nuclei.

115
Q

Scientists have tried to create sustainable energy using nuclear fusion.
This is difficult as hydrogen must be heated to over …

A

100 million °C.

116
Q

Scientists have tried to create sustainable energy using nuclear fusion.
This is difficult as ———– must be heated to over 100 million °C.

A

hydrogen

117
Q

In fusion we use the —————— as it does not require as much energy as bigger atom would diffuse.

A

smallest atoms we can get

118
Q

In fusion we use the smallest atoms we can get as …

A

it does not require as much energy as bigger atom would diffuse.

119
Q

During alpha, beta, and gamma radioactive decay, an unstable nucleus becomes more …

A

stable.

120
Q

Which form of decay doesn’t create a new element?

A

gamma decay

121
Q

The sum (total) of the atomic numbers on one side of the equation must equal …

A

to the sum (total) of the atomic numbers on the other side.

122
Q

How many nucleons are lost in alpha decay?

A

4

123
Q

In nuclear fission, the number of ——————- , but 4 nucleons are released to continue a chain reaction with other atoms.

A

protons remains the same

124
Q

In nuclear fission, the number of protons remains the same, but …

A

4 nucleons are released to continue a chain reaction with other atoms.

125
Q

In nuclear fission, 1 atom decays to form…

A

two new atoms and some neutrons (sub-atomic particles).

126
Q

Which isotope of uranium is used in nuclear fission?

A

Uranium-235

127
Q

How many protons and neutrons are lost in alpha decay?

A

2 protons
2 neutrons

128
Q

In alpha decay, 4 nucleons are lost in the form of an alpha particle. 2 protons are lost so the initial atom becomes …

A

a different element.

129
Q

The half-life is the …

A

average time taken for the number of radioactive nuclei to halve.

130
Q

The half-life for any isotope of an element is …

A

constant.

131
Q

The half-life of unstable isotopes can be …

A

seconds or millions of years.

132
Q

The radioactive decay of an individual atom is …

A

random and unpredictable.

133
Q

Large groups of nuclei do normally behave in ————— ways.

A

predictable

134
Q

To find the half-life of an isotope, measure the …

A

time taken for the activity of the sample to halve.

135
Q

To find the half-life of an isotope from a graph or table, measure the …

A

time that it takes for the radioactive count rate or the number of unstable nuclei to halve.

136
Q

How would you measure count rate to work out a substances half-life?

A

using a Geiger counter.

137
Q

Ions can react in ———– ways.

A

unusual

138
Q

Ions can react in unusual ways.
This can damage …

A

cells and complex chemical structures, such as DNA.

139
Q

The cell damage from ionising radiation can cause 1. These 1. can lead to 2.

A
  1. mutations
  2. cancer and organ failure
140
Q

Ions are …

A

particles that become charged by gaining or losing electrons.

141
Q

Alpha, beta and gamma radiation are all
———- radiation.

A

ionising

142
Q

Ionising radiation can break molecules into small particles called …

A

ions

143
Q

Radioactive sources (materials) should not be handled …

A

directly and should only be used for the shortest time possible.

144
Q

We should use 1. when handling ionising radiation and 2.

A
  1. rubber gloves
    2.
145
Q

Radioactive sources (materials) should be stored in …

A

lead-lined boxes and locked in steel cabinets away from people.

146
Q

We should not ————- when using a radioactive source.

A

eat or drink

147
Q

Sources should be kept at ———– and we should not put them in our pockets.

A

arm’s length

148
Q

Sources should be kept at arm’s length and we should not put them in …

A

our pockets.

149
Q

Types of nuclear safety precaution:

A
  • usage
  • reduce exposure
  • storage
  • handling
150
Q

We should minimise our exposure to sources, use …

A

shielding and maximise the distance between the user and the source.

151
Q

Iodine-123 has a half-life of …

A

13.2 hours.

152
Q

Iodine-123 has a half-life of 13.2 hours. This makes it suitable for …

A

treating cancerous cells.

153
Q

Because its half-life is so short, Iodine-123 doesn’t do …

A

much damage to healthy cells after the treatment is done.

154
Q

Iodine-131 has a half-life of …

A

8 days.

155
Q

Iodine-131 has a half-life of 8 days. This means it can be used in …

A

medical tracers to see how well the thyroid gland is working.

156
Q

Iodine-131 has a long enough half-life for us to …

A

monitor (watch) how well the gland is functioning (working) over a good period of time.

157
Q

Iodine-131 has a long enough half-life for us to monitor (watch) how well the gland is functioning (working) over a good period of time.
At the same time, the

A

amount of harm caused is limited as the patient does not need to receive extra doses.

158
Q

Radiotherapy can …

A

kill cells and destroy tissue inside the body.

159
Q

In radiotherapy, high doses of radiation can …

A

kill mutated cells (cancers), but the radiation can also kill healthy cells.

160
Q

What are the disadvantages of radiotherapy?

A
  • The radiation may also kill healthy cells. If lots of cells are killed at once, this can cause radiation sickness.
  • Even small doses are likely to kill some healthy cells, so patients experiencing radiotherapy often feel very unwell.
161
Q

What are the advantages of radiotherapy?

A

In radiotherapy, high doses of radiation can kill mutated cells (cancers).
This can lead to a longer, healthier life.

162
Q

Why would we use radiation with a long half life in medical treatment?

A

To track its path through the body over time.

163
Q

Objects near to radioactive sources are ———– by them.

A

irradiated

164
Q

Contamination is when …

A

radioactive substances occur from inside something.

165
Q

Irradiation is when …

A

something is exposed to radiation on its outside.

166
Q

Irradiation is simply …

A

exposure to nuclear radiation.

167
Q

When a radioactive source irradiates an object, the object does not become …

A

radioactive.

168
Q

We can reduce irradiation by …

A

standing behind lead or storing radioactive material in lead-lined boxes.

169
Q

Radioactive contamination is when …

A

radioactive atoms or molecules get onto other materials.

170
Q

Contamination is harmful because …

A

contaminating atoms decay.

171
Q

How harmful the contamination is, depends on …

A

the type of radiation the atoms emit.

172
Q

Contaminated atoms are likely to continue to decay. This could harm you if …

A

this happens on your skin.

173
Q

Alpha is the most dangerous form of …

A

radiation inside the body.

174
Q

Alpha radiation cannot penetrate (pass through) the skin so, …

A

it stays in the body.

175
Q

Gamma is the ———– harmful radiation.

A

least

176
Q

Gamma radiation is the most penetrative (passes through things ,such as skin, most easily), and so it will

A

easily pass out of the body.

177
Q

Beta is not very harmful as it can …

A

pass out of the body.

178
Q

Which type of contamination/radiation is most likely to cause cell mutations?

A

alpha

179
Q

It’s important for scientists to share their research on radiation and its effects. Scientists can check each other’s work. This is called …

A

peer review.

180
Q

What does the nucleon number refer to?

A

Total number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus

181
Q

What do we call the process of an unstable nucleus randomly emitting ionising radiation to become more stable?

A

radioactive decay

182
Q

Which type of ionising radiation results in the emission of helium nuclei?

A

alpha radiation

183
Q

What is radioactive decay?

A

An atom can have an unstable nucleus. An unstable nucleus can become more stable over time by randomly and unpredictably emitting ionising radiation. This process is called radioactive decay.

184
Q

In order to determine the half-life of a radioactive isotope from a graph depicting radioactive decay, what should be the first thing that you check?

A

If the background radiation is accounted for.

185
Q

level of radiation with substance and background radiation - level of background radiation. =

A

The level of radiation due to substance

186
Q

The level of radiation due to substance =

A

level of radiation with substance and background radiation - level of background radiation.

187
Q

The half-life is the …

A

average time taken for the number of radioactive nuclei to halve.

188
Q

Alpha is the most dangerous form of radiation
——— the body. It is the most ionising type of radiation.

A

inside

189
Q

————————- radiation can enter the body through the skin as they are more penetrative than alpha radiation.

A

Gamma and Beta

science physics (29 decks)

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