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Gen Chem > Atoms, Molecules, and Ions > Flashcards

Atoms, Molecules, and Ions Flashcards

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1
Q

Dalton’s Atomic Theory

A

Set of postulates that established the fundamental properties of atoms

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2
Q

Law of Definite Proportions (Law of Constant Composition)

A

All samples of a pure compound contain the same elements in the same proportions by mass

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3
Q

Law of Multiple Proportions

A

When two elements react to form more than one compound, a fixed mass of one element will react with masses of the other element in a ratio of small whole numbers

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4
Q

Electron

A

Negatively charged, subatomic particle of relatively low mass located outside the nucleus

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5
Q

Alpha Particles

A

Positively charged particle consisting of two protons and two neutrons

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6
Q

Nucleus

A

Massive, positively charged center of an atom made up of protons and neutrons

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7
Q

Proton

A

Positively charged, subatomic particle located in the nucleus

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8
Q

Isotopes

A

Atoms that contain the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

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9
Q

Neutrons

A

Uncharged, subatomic particle located in the nucleus

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10
Q

Atomic Mass Unit (amu, Unified Atomic Mass Unit, u, or Dalton, Da)

A

Unit of mass equal to 1/12 of the mass of a ^12C atom

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11
Q

Fundamental Unit of Charge (e, Elementary Charge)

A

Equals the magnitude of the charge of an electron (e) with e=1.602x10^-19 C

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12
Q

Atomic Number (Z)

A

Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

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13
Q

Mass Number (A)

A

Sum of the numbers of neutrons and protons in the nucleus of an atom

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14
Q

Ion

A

Electrically charged atom or molecule (contains unequal numbers of protons and electrons)

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15
Q

Anion

A

Negatively charged atom or molecule (contains more electrons than protons)

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16
Q

Cation

A

Positively charged atom or molecule (contains more protons than electrons)

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17
Q

Chemical Symbol

A

One-, two-, or three-letter abbreviation used to represent an element or its atoms

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18
Q

Atomic Mass

A

Average mass of atoms of an element, expressed in amu

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19
Q

Molecular Formula

A

Formula indicating the composition of a molecule of a compound and giving the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule of the compound

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20
Q

Structural Formula

A

Shows the atoms in a molecule and how they are connected

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21
Q

Empirical Formula

A

Formula showing the composition of a compound given as the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms

22
Q

Isomers

A

Compounds with the same chemical formula but different structures

23
Q

Structural Isomers

A

One of two substances that have the same molecular formula but different physical and chemical properties because their atoms are bonded differently

24
Q

Spatial Isomers

A

Compounds in which the relative orientations of the atoms in space differ

25
Q

Periodic Law

A

Properties of the elements are periodic function of their atomic numbers

26
Q

Periodic Table

A

Table of the elements that places elements with similar chemical properties close together

27
Q

Periods (Series)

A

Horizontal row of the periodic table

28
Q

Groups

A

Vertical column of the periodic table

29
Q

Metals

A

Element that is shiny, malleable, good conductor of heat and electricity

30
Q

Nonmetals

A

Element that appears dull, poor conductor of heat and electricity

31
Q

Metalloids

A

Element that conducts head and electricity moderately well, and possesses some properties of metals and some properties of nonmetals

32
Q

Main-Group Elements (Representative Elements)

A

Element in groups 1, 2, and 13-18

33
Q

Transition Metals

A

Element in groups 3-12 (more strictly defined, 3-11)

34
Q

Inner Transition Metals

A

Element in the bottom two rows; if in the first town also called lanthanide, or if in the second row, also called actinide

35
Q

Alkali Metals

A

Element in group 1

36
Q

Alkaline Earth Metals

A

Element in group 2

37
Q

Pnictogens

A

Element in group 15

38
Q

Chalcogens

A

Element in group 16

39
Q

Halogens

A

Element in group 17

40
Q

Noble Gases (Inert Gases)

A

Element in group 18

41
Q

Monatomic Ions

A

Ion composed of a single atom

42
Q

Polyatomic Ions

A

Ion composed of more than one atom

43
Q

Oxyanions

A

Polyatomic anion composed of a central atom bonded to oxygen atoms

44
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

Electrostatic forces of attraction between the oppositely charged ions of an ionic compound

45
Q

Covalent Bonds

A

Attractive force between the nuclei of a molecule’s atoms and pairs of electrons between the atoms

46
Q

Ionic Compound

A

Compound composed of cations and anions combined in ratios, yielding an electrically neutral substance

47
Q

Molecular Compounds (Covalent Compounds)

A

Composed of molecules formed by atoms of two or more different elements

48
Q

Nomenclature

A

System of rules for naming objects of interest

49
Q

Binary Compounds

A

Compound containing two different elements

50
Q

Hydrates

A

Compound containing one or more water molecules bound within its crystals

51
Q

Binary Acid

A

Compound that contains hydrogen and one other element, bonded in a way that imparts acidic properties to the compound (ability to release H^+ ions when dissolved in water)

52
Q

Oxyacids

A

Compound that contains hydrogen, oxygen, and one other element, bonded in a way that imparts acidic properties to the compound (ability to release H^+ ions when dissolved in water)

Gen Chem (10 decks)

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