Atoms, ions, Covalent Molecules, Hydro. Bonds Flashcards
Cations
Loses Electrons (Positive Charge)
Anions
Gains Electrons (Negative Charge)
What happens when the number of protons changes?
The element changes
What happens when the number of electrons changes?
Creates an ion (cation or anion)
What happens when the number of neutron’s is changed?
Creates an Isotope
How many electrons are in each orbital?
Two electrons in the first orbital, and eight in the rest.
How does the proton number compare to electron number?
The amount of protons is the amount of electrons.
How does the number of electrons on the outer orbital of each atom affect how stable the element is?
Less valence electrons create more reactive atoms, more valence electrons are more stable
What elements are the most stable?
Any element with a fuller valence electron shell.
Which elements are the most reactive?
any element with less electrons in valence shell.
What does having the same electronegativity mean?
Share electrons equally
What makes a molecule non-polar?
If elements bond to themselves OR is a bond between carbon and hydrogen.
How do the valence electrons influence molecules bonding?
determines what kind of bond they’re making.
How does electronegativity influence molecules bonding?
it influences if it’s ionic, polar, or non-polar.
Really different electronegativity means what kind of bond occurs?
Ionic Bonding = Extremely different electronegativity
Asymmetrical means what?
Partial Charges : Polar : Slightly Different Electronegativities
Symmetrical means what?
Non-polar : Same Charges : Same electronegativities.
Which molecules are symmetrical?
Non-polar molecules
Which are polar and which are nonpolar?
H2O = Polar
H2 = Non-Polar
How does symmetry correlate with polarity?
Asymmetrical = Polar / Symmetrical = Non-polar
How does electronegativity correlate with polarity?
Slight difference in electronegativity = Polar
Same electronegativity = Non-Polar
Hydrogen Bonds are what kinds of bonds?
Intermolecular Bond
Intermolecular Bonds
Connects one MOLECULE to another MOLECULE
Intramolecular Bonds
Bonds WITHIN molecules
What bond occurs with Polar/Nonpolar/Ionic Bonds?
Intramolecular Bonds
Where are the negative and positive poles on each water molecule?
Oxygen = Negative
Hydrogens = Positive
In what ways does a water molecule naturally align with another water molecule?
Opposites Attract, therefore a positive hydrogen will attract to a negative oxygen
Describe the shape and polarity of a molecule that would NOT show hydrogen bonding.
Non-polar molecules do NOT do hydrogen bonding because they’re not very reactive and have no charges.
What polarity do oils and fats have?
Non-polar
When water is solid (ice) what kind of structure does it take up?
Crystallites Structure
Which elements from the periodic table tend to become negative ions (have the greatest potential of gaining electrons)?
The 7th column, (Ex. Fluorine, b/c that column is the most electronegative).
Which columns would combine well in order for both to be more stable?
First column and 7th Column, so their valence shells could fill each other.
Which elements on the periodic table tend to make ionic bonds?
First Column and & 7th b/c they have a VERY different electronegativity.
How does electronegativity correlate with ionic bonding?
The element that has a greater electronegativity is going to steal the electron from the element that has a less/weaker electronegativity.
Why don’t all the elements of the periodic table form ionic bonds?
Because some elements are going to have similar electronegativity, and even just slight differences from each other.
Are noble gasses reactive?
No, because they have a full valence shell
