Atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease Flashcards
what is atherosclerosis
arterial disease characterized by thickening and loss of flexibility
atherosclerosis plaques
atheromatous
ulcerated
atheromatous plaque
white/yellow
elevated from intima vessel
ulcerated plaque
red-brown color
due to thrombus accumulation
modifiable risk factors of atherosclerosis
hyperlipidemia,
hypertension
smoking
diabetes mellitus
additional risk factors of atherosclerosis include
inflammation
metabolic syndrome
factors affecting hemostasis
lack of exercise
stress
obesity
non modifiable atherosclerosis factors
age
gender
genetics
diagnosis of atherosclerosis
angiography
doppler ultrasound
results of atherosclerosis
**severely narrow or completely block of artery
**M.I or stroke
clinical consequences of atherosclerosis include
**plaque rupture and erosion
**thrombus formation
**vasoconstriction
**aneurysm
Coronary artery disease
progressive disease that occur with a decrease in coronary blood flow at rest or during exertion.
controllable risk factors for coronary artery disease
**high cholesterol
**diabetes
**high blood pressure
**smoking
**obesity
uncontrollable risk factors for coronary artery disease
menopause
age
family history of CAD
male gender
diagnosis of CAD
first step tests
invasive tests
first step tests
**biochemical laboratory test
**electrocardiography and ambulatory monitoring
**Endocardiography
invasive test
interventional coronary angiography only when noninvasive are inconclusive.
treatments
*Lifestyle management
*Revascularization surgeries
**Percutaneous coronary intervention [PCI]
**Coronary artery bypass graft [CABG]
PCI
minimally invasive
improve blood flow
include balloon angioplasty and intracoronary stent
CABG
**one or more graft bridge
**saphenous vein most preferred vein graft
**internal thoracic and radial arteries are preferred arterial graft
cardiac rehabilitation
has three phases
**perioperative phase
**outpatient phase
**post rehabilitation maintenance phase
Laboratory tests
Complete blood count
Fasting glucose level
Thyroid hormones
Creatine level
Sign of ischemia
Ecg ST segment depression