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health assessment - lecture > Assessment of Abdomen > Flashcards

Assessment of Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

Begins digestion through chewing, salivating, and swallowing

A

Mouth

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2
Q

Provides sense of taste

A

Tongue

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3
Q

Saliva is produced by three pairs of glands:

A

parotid, submandibular, and sublingual

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4
Q

Keeps food and fluid from being aspirated into the airway (trachea) by closing over the larynx when food is swallowed

A

Epiglottis

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5
Q

Pharynx consists of the

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

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6
Q

Allows the passage of food from the mouth to the esophagus

A

Pharynx

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7
Q

■ Assists in swallowing
■ Secretes mucus, which aids digestion

A

Pharynx

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8
Q

Hollow, muscular tube that’s approximately 10” (25.5 cm) long

A

Esophagus

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9
Q

Esophagus is a hollow, muscular tube that’s approximately _________________ long

A

10” (25.5 cm)

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10
Q

Moves food from the pharynx to the stomach using peristalsis

A

Esophagus

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11
Q

Dilated, saclike structure that lies obliquely in the left upper quadrant

A

Stomach

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12
Q

Stomach contains two important sphincters:

A

cardiac sphincter and pyloric sphincter

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13
Q

protects the entrance to the stomach

A

cardiac sphincter

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14
Q

guards the exit

A

pyloric sphincter

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15
Q

Stores food and mixes it with gastric juices

A

Stomach

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16
Q

Passes chyme into the small intestine for further digestion and absorption

A

Stomach

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17
Q

Accordion-like folds in the stomach lining

A

Rugae

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18
Q

Allow stomach to expand

A

Rugae

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19
Q

Small intestine consists of the

A

duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

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20
Q

Location of carbohydrate, fat, and protein breakdown

A

Small intestine

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21
Q

Absorbs the end products of digestion

A

Small intestine

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22
Q

Fingerlike projection that’s attached to the cecum

A

Vermiform appendix

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23
Q

Large intestine consists of the

A

cecum; ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colons; rectum; and anus

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24
Q
  • Absorbs excess water and electrolytes
  • Stores food residu
A

Large intestine

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25
Q

Eliminates waste products in the form of feces

A

Large intestine

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26
Q

■ Metabolizes carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
■ Detoxifies blood
■ Converts ammonia to urea for excretion

A

Liver

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27
Q

Synthesizes plasma proteins, nonessential amino acids, vitamins, and essential nutrients

A

Liver

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28
Q

Secretes bile

A

Liver

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29
Q

a greenish fluid that helps digest fats and absorb fatty acids,
cholesterol, and other lipids and gives stools their color

A

bile

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30
Q

Stores bile from the liver until the bile empties into the duodenum

A

Gallbladder

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31
Q

drain bile from the liver

A

Hepatic ducts

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32
Q

drains bile from the gallbladder

A

Cystic duct

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33
Q

receives bile from the hepatic and cystic ducts and empties bile into the duodenum

A

Common bile duct

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34
Q

Releases insulin and glycogen into the bloodstream and produces enzymes that aid in digestion

A

Pancreas

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35
Q

Normally remains closed to prevent the reflux of gastric
contents

A

Gastroesophageal sphincter

36
Q

Opens during swallowing, belching, and vomiting

A

Gastroesophageal sphincter

37
Q

RUQ

A

■ Right lobe of the liver
■ Gallbladder
■ Pylorus
■ Duodenum
■ Head of the pancreas
■ Hepatic flexure of the colon
■ Portions of the transverse and ascending colon

38
Q

LUQ

A

■ Left lobe of the liver
■ Spleen
■ Stomach
■ Body and tail of the pancreas
■ Splenic flexure of the colon
■ Portions of the transverse and descending colon

39
Q

RLQ

A

■ Cecum and appendix
■ Portion of the ascending colon

40
Q

LLQ

A

■ Sigmoid colon
■ Portion of the descending colon

41
Q

a vascular sound similar to a heart murmur that is caused by turbulent blood flow through a narrowed artery

A

bruit

42
Q

patients from ______________________________ are at a higher risk for death from gastric cancer than patients from other countries

A

Japan, Iceland, Chile and Australia

43
Q

is more common in patients who are Jewish

A

Crohn’s disease

44
Q

Normally, two sounds can be heard during percussion of the abdomen:

A

tympany and dullness

45
Q

—a clear, hollow sound similar to a drum beating—occurs when you percuss over hollow organs such as an empty stomach or bowel.

A

Tympany

46
Q

When you percuss over solid organs, such as the liver, kidney, or feces-filled intestines, the sound changes to

A

dullness

47
Q

The spleen is located at

A

10th rib, in the left midaxillary line.

48
Q

To perform light palpation
■ Put the fingers of one hand close together.
■ Depress the skin about ____________________ with your
fingertips, and make gentle, rotating movements. Avoid short, quick jabs.

A

1/2 inch (1.5 cm)

49
Q

To perform deep palpation
■ Push the abdomen down ____________________;
in an obese patient, put one hand on top of the other and push.

A

2” to 3” (5 to 7.5 cm)

50
Q

methods for palpating the liver:

A

Standard palpation
Hooking the liver

51
Q

a large accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity caused by advanced liver disease, heart failure, pancreatitis, or
cancer

A

ascites

52
Q

lies 2 inches from the anterior-superior spinous process of ilium on a line drawn from that process to the umbilicus

A

McBurney point

53
Q

can indicate such conditions as appendicitis and peritonitis

A

Rebound tenderness and the iliopsoas and obturator signs

54
Q

may indicate ulcers, intestinal obstruction, appendicitis, cholecystitis, peritonitis, or other inflammatory disorders.

A

Abdominal pain

55
Q

may result from gas, a tumor, or a colon filled with feces. It may also be caused by an incisional hernia, which may protrude when the patient lifts his head and shoulders

A

Abdominal distention

56
Q

Vascular blowing sounds resembling cardiac murmurs

A

Systolic bruits

57
Q

Continuous, medium-pitched tone created by blood flow in a large engorged vascular organ such as the liver

A

Venous hum

58
Q

Harsh, grating sound like two pieces of sandpaper rubbing
together

A

Friction rub

59
Q

Areas of abdominal redness may indicate

A

inflammation

60
Q

Dilated, tortuous, visible abdominal veins may indicate

A

inferior vena cava obstruction

61
Q

Yellowing of the skin indicates liver or biliary tract disease

A

Jaundice

62
Q

areas of dilated capillaries or arterioles—may signal liver
disease

A

Spider angiomas

63
Q

a bluish periumbilical discoloration, signals intra-abdominal
hemorrhage. It may be seen in acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis, with massive hemorrhage after trauma

A

Cullen’s sign

64
Q

is a bruiselike skin discoloration of the flank area. This sign typically appears 6 to 24 hours after the onset of retroperitoneal hemorrhage associated with acute pancreatitis

A

Grey Turner’s sign

65
Q

The passage of bloody stools, also known as

A

hematochezia

66
Q

can be caused by immobility, a sedentary lifestyle, and medications. The patient may complain of a dull ache in the abdomen, and a full feeling. A patient with complete intestinal obstruction won’t pass flatus or stools and won’t have bowel sounds below the obstruction.

A

Constipation

67
Q

Bloody diarrhea may be a sign of

A

ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease

68
Q

may be caused by toxins, medications, or a GI condition such as Crohn’s disease.

A

Diarrhea

69
Q

or difficulty swallowing, may be accompanied by weight loss. It can be caused by an obstruction, achalasia of the
lower esophagogastric junction, or a neurologic disease, such as stroke or Parkinson’s disease.

A

Dysphagia

70
Q

Usually occurring together, can be caused by existing illnesses, such as myocardial infarction, gastric and
peritoneal irritation, appendicitis, bowel obstruction, cholecystitis, acute pancreatitis, bulimia nervosa, and neurologic disturbances, or by some medications

A

Nausea and vomiting

71
Q

enlargement of the liver

A

Hepatomegaly

72
Q

is commonly associated with hepatitis and other liver diseases

A

Hepatomegaly

73
Q

is enlargement of the spleen

A

Splenomegaly

74
Q

■ Put the fingers of one hand close together.
■ Depress the skin about 1/2” (1.5 cm) with your fingertips, and make gentle, rotating movements. Avoid short, quick jabs.

A

light palpation

75
Q

■ Place the patient in the supine position. Standing at his right side, place your left hand under his back at the approximate location of the liver.
■ Place your right hand slightly below the mark at the liver’s upper border that you made during percussion. Point the fingers of your right hand toward the patient’s head just under the right costal margin.
■ As the patient inhales deeply, gently press in and up on the abdomen until the liver brushes under your right hand. The edge should be smooth, firm, and somewhat round. Note any tenderness

A

Standard palpation

76
Q

■ Stand next to the patient’s right shoulder, facing his feet. Place your hands side by side, and hook your fingertips over the right costal margin, below the lower mark of dullness.
■ Ask the patient to take a deep breath as you push your fingertips in and up. If the liver is palpable, you may feel its edge as it slides down in the abdomen as he breathes in.

A

Hooking the liver

77
Q

Perform the test for ___________________________________________ when you suspect peritoneal inflammation. Perform these assessment techniques at the end of your abdominal examination

A

rebound tenderness and iliopsoas and obturator sign

78
Q

■ Help the patient into a supine position with his knees flexed to relax the abdominal muscles.
■ Place your hands gently on the right lower quadrant at McBurney’s point (located about midway between the umbilicus and the anterior superior iliac spine).
■ Slowly and deeply dip your fingers into the area; then release the pressure in a quick, smooth motion.
■ Pain on release—rebound tenderness—is a positive sign. The pain may radiate to the umbilicus.

A

Rebound tenderness

79
Q

■ Help the patient into a supine position with his legs straight.
■ Instruct him to raise his right leg upward as you exert slight downward pressure with your hand on his right thigh.
■ Repeat the maneuver with the left leg.
■ When testing either leg, increased abdominal pain is a positive result, indicating irritation of the psoas muscle

A

Iliopsoas sign

80
Q

■ Help the patient into a supine position with his right leg flexed 90 degrees at the hip and knee.
■ Hold the leg just above the knee and at the ankle; then rotate the leg laterally and medially.
■ Pain in the hypogastric region is a positive sign, indicating irritation of the obturator muscle

A

Obturator sign

81
Q

■ Peptic ulcer
■ Gastroesophageal reflux disease

A

Burning

82
Q

■ Biliary colic
■ Irritable bowel syndrome
■ Diarrhea
■ Constipation
■ Flatulence

A

Cramping

83
Q

■ Appendicitis
■ Crohn’s disease
■ Diverticulitis

A

Severe cramping

84
Q

■ Pancreatitis
■ Cholecystitis

A

Stabbing

85
Q

Type of abdominal pain

A

Burning
Cramping
Severe Cramping
Stabbing

86
Q

refers to the passage of black tarry stool

A

Melena

health assessment - lecture (17 decks)

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