ASSESSMENT A MULTI CHOICE Flashcards
What does ‘evidence-based practice’ mean?
A: Reading papers
B: Anecdote
C: Expert opinion
D: It is ‘the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients’.
E: Patient values
D: It is ‘the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients’.
When evaluating the merit of a paper reporting a qualitative study, which of the following is Not true?
a.
A specific and clearly written question is unnecessary.
b.
The research should aim to develop a deep understanding of a topic.
c.
The study should not focus on an average view of a population.
d.
Details about the role and influence of the researcher are importan
a.
A specific and clearly written question is unnecessary.
In the hierarchy of evidence for intervention studies, Clinical Practice Guidelines are a higher level of evidence than Systematic Reviews.
True
False
True
Professor Sackett continued to explain that EBP should be visualised as a three-pronged and overlapping approach, also known as a triad approach: the best possible research evidence, clinical expertise and patient values and preferences.
True
False
True
__________ is a qualitative research method that uses passive observation of people’s conversations and behaviours in naturally occurring settings
a.
focus groups
b.
ethnography
c.
semi-structured interview
d.
unstructured or narrative interview
b.
ethnography
The results or findings of a study should clearly answer the question or aim originally posed by the authors.
True
False
True
A meta-analysis merges the results from a number of single, independent quantitative studies, to produce an overall or ‘absolute’ outcome.
True
False
True
A Randomised Control Trial is a higher level of evidence than a Systematic Review of Level II evidence.
True
False
False
When evaluating the credibility of the results of a qualitative research study, which of the following is NOT an important consideration?
Use of researcher reflexivity.
Member checking.
Triangulation.
A large sample size.
A large sample size.
Qualitative research uses inductive reasoning
True
False
True
Which of the following is NOT a recommended method for finding evidence?
a.
Surveying the existing literature systematically using a database.
b.
Unfocussed looking for answers in magazines and newspapers.
c.
Focussed looking for answers related to questions that have occurred in a clinical setting.
d.
Informally looking for answers on the internet.
b.
Unfocussed looking for answers in magazines and newspapers.
ackett and Haynes summarised five essential steps in the emerging science of EBP. Which of the following is NOT one of those steps?
a.
To appraise the evidence critically to assess its validity and usefulness
b.
To implement the results of the appraisal in clinical practice
c.
To convert our information needs into answerable questions
d.
Undo your learning of providing standard practice
d.
Undo your learning of providing standard practice
A strong __________ is vital for a successful research project, and you need to know how the participants were recruited and chosen to ensure they are representative of the population of interest.
a.
sample
b.
result
c.
design
d.
question
a.
sample
The first step to getting started with EBP is to:
a.
ask colleagues to provide you with their evidence-based practice.
b.
decide if you will use a placebo or current standard therapy.
c.
learn statistics and mathematics.
d.
formulate the clinical question that you are wanting to answer.
d.
formulate the clinical question that you are wanting to answer.
Clinical practice guidelines are recommendations that tell health professionals what to do for patient care for a particular health condition.
True
False
True
When evaluating qualitative data collection methods, which of the following statements is true about semi-structured interviews?
a.
They do not use a set of interview questions.
b.
They are less time-consuming and therefore more economical than focus group interviews.
c.
Closed questions are preferred as they elicit a depth of information.
d.
Further explanations are sought through questioning.
d.
Further explanations are sought through questioning.
Information gathered from social media is, at best:
a.
clinical evidence.
b.
authoritative opinion.
c.
primary research.
d.
hearsay.
b.
authoritative opinion.
A literature review will typically examine multiple primary research papers.
True
False
True
A retrospective longitudinal cohort design means a type of study that was done over a:
a.
short period, looking at a group of people in the past.
b.
long period, looking at individuals in the present.
c.
short period, looking at individuals in the present.
d.
long period, looking at a group of people in the past
d.
long period, looking at a group of people in the past
Which of the following is NOT one of the major aspects you need to consider when reading an original research paper?
a.
The length of the paper
b.
The sample/participants
c.
How the paper is analysed
d.
How data is collected
a.
The length of the paper
When reading a research paper about a qualitative study, to assess the transferability of the findings to other settings, which of the following is an important consideration?
a.
The inclusion of the use of iterative approaches to the data analysis.
b.
The use of convenience sampling of participants.
c.
The data collection methods use structured responses and categories.
d.
The testing of a hypothesis is undertaken.
a.
The inclusion of the use of iterative approaches to the data analysis.
Which of the following is the highest level of evidence as determined by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)?
a. IV
b. III
c. II
d. I
d. I
EBP is the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of any evidence available in making decisions about the care of individual patients.
True
False
False
Which of the following is NOT primary research?
a.
Phenomenological study
b.
Randomised controlled trial (RCT)
c.
Phone interviews
d.
Literature review
d.
Literature review
When considering the level of evidence from research studies, which level of evidence has the highest risk for bias?
I
II
III
IV
IV
The purpose of focus group interviews is to gain further opinion among research participants.
True
False
True
A research design that measures the effectiveness of treatment is known as a/an _________ study.
a.
intervention
b.
prognostic
c.
mixed methods
d.
diagnostic
a.
intervention
___________ help you to find unbiased research, which has been matched to clinical questions and ranked according to their potential bias.
a.
primary sources
b.
grey literature
c.
clinically orientated studies
d.
levels of evidence
d.
levels of evidence
Assessment checklists can be used when appraising papers that report qualitative research. Which of the following is an example of an appraisal checklist for qualitative research papers?
a.
PRISMA Checklist
b.
CASP Qualitative Checklist
c.
Qualitative Meta-synthesis
d.
Literature review
b.
CASP Qualitative Checklist
To assess both the quality of the study and how useful it is to you, you are looking for three main things. Which of the following is NOT one of those things?
a.
Results (what did the study find?)
b.
Cost (how much did the study cost?)
c.
Validity (do the results match the conclusions?)
d.
Applicability (will they help you with your own clients?)
b.
Cost (how much did the study cost?)
Qualitative research studies are less concerned with amounts and numbers as compared to quantitative research studies.
True
False
True
A common way to assess the credibility of findings in qualitative studies is to identify the _________?
a.
presence of data, such as participant quotes
b.
number of themes reported
c.
authors’ qualifications
d.
supporting numerical data
a.
presence of data, such as participant quotes
Students are typically apprehensive when first faced with the idea of EBP because they think that it is all about statistics and number crunching
True
False
True
In qualitative studies, __________is the process of using a combination of data sources to confirm the research findings.
a.
reflexivity
b.
saturation
c.
triangulation
d.
inter-rater reliability
c.
triangulation
Conducting a Google search is not likely to reveal an evidence-based answer to your question.
True
False
True
In intervention studies with a treatment and control group, random allocation can reduce attrition bias (this occurs when participants leave a study and results in more participants in one of the groups).
True
False
False
Which of the following is NOT a major aspect to consider when evaluating a paper that is reporting a qualitative study?
a.
Representativeness of the participant sample
b.
Researcher’s perspectives and influence.
c.
Sampling procedure used.
d.
The focus of the research.
a.
Representativeness of the participant sample
The term __________ literature refers to research that is either unpublished or has been published by organisations other than commercial publishers, such as government reports, conference papers, policy statements and student dissertations
tertiary
grey
green
cloud
grey
A good clinical question should NOT include which of the following components?
a.
Define which treatment, intervention, etc., you are considering
b.
Define the cheapest option of the intervention
c.
Define the desired (or undesired) outcome
d.
Define precisely whom the question is about
b.
Define the cheapest option of the intervention
