ASA 101 Review Questions Flashcards
Always be aware of the wind’s ___ and ___
speed, direction
The desirable force generated by the wind moving across a sail is called _____.
lift
The direction relative to the wind in which the sailboat cannot sail is call the ____ _____ ____.
no-sail zone
Sailboats can reach an upwind destination by sailing a ______ course.
zigzag
The point of sail at the edge of the no-sail zone is called _____ ______.
close-hauled
A boat sailing across the wind is said to be _____.
reaching
Sailing straight downwind is called _____.
running
As the sailboat’s direction changes relative to the wind, so should the sail’s _____ to the wind be adjusted.
angle (or trim)
The combination of the true wind and the wind created by the boat’s motion (that we feel on the boat) is called ______ wind.
apparent
The ______ is an underwater fin fixed on the bottom of the sailboat that provides stability and lateral resistance.
keel
The sailboat’s direction through the water is controlled by the _____, which can be turned by means of either a ______ or a _____ ______.
rudder, tiller, steering wheel (either tiller or steering wheel can be the “helm”)
Identify: hull, deck, cockpit, transom, bow, stern, rudder, helm, stanchion, lifeline, pulpit, mast boom gooseneck, spreader, shroud, headstay, forestay, backstay, mainsail, headsail, jib, halyard, mainsheet, jibsheet, boom vang, boom topping lift, head, tack, clew, luff, leach, foot, batten, port, starboard, forward, aft, ahead, abeam, astern, windward, leeward
page 27
The mainsail should be raised when the sailboat is oriented _____ to ______.
head to wind
When turning the boat toward the wind, the sails should be ______ in.
trimmed
When turning the boat away from the wind, the sails should be _____ out.
eased
Fluttering sails are said to be _______.
luffing
The best way to steer the boat on a straight course is to look toward the _____ and pick a ______ to steer toward.
shore, landmark
When you turn the bow of the boat toward the wind you are ______ ____.
heading up
When you turn the bow of the boat away from the wind you are _____ _____.
bearing away
The “golden rule” of sail trim is: “when in _____, let it ____”
doubt, out
When the boat is stopped, pointed toward the wind with sails luffing, it is said to be _____ _____.
in irons
Match the points of sail with illustrations (page 57): in irons/no-sail zone; close-hauled, close reach, beam reach, broad reach, run.
Page 57
When the wind is blowing on the port side, the boat is said to be sailing on a _____ ____.
port tack
When the wind is blowing on the starboard side, the boat is said to be sailing on a _____ _____
starboard tack
Turning the boat so the bow passes through the wind, bringing the wind to blow onto the opposite side of the boat is called ______.
tacking
Changing tacks by turning the boat so its stern passess through the wind is called ______.
jibing
The helmsman’s commands for tacking the boat (also called “coming about”) are “_____ ______” and “____ _____”.
“Ready about” “Helm’s a-lee”
The helmsman’s command for jibing the boat are “____ to _____” and “____-_____”.
“Prepare to jibe” “Jibe-ho”
To jibe safely, it is very important to ____ the ____ in toward the centerline as the boat bears away onto a run.
trim mainsail
Sailing on a run with the mainsail and jib on opposite sides of the boat is called sailing ___-on-_____.
wing on wing
If the wind is on the same side of the boat as the mainsail while sailing downwind, the boat is said to be ____ ___ ____ ____.
sailing by the lee
The danger of sailing by the lee is the increased risk of _____.
accidental jibe
The fastest way to change the sail’s power is to change its _____ to the ______.
angle, wind
The shape of the mainsail may be changed by adjusting tension in the edges of the sail. Match the sail control (outhaul, halyard or downhaul or Cunningham, boom vang) to the edge of the sail it affects (luff, leach, foot).
you got this
The outhaul changes the depth of the _____ of the mainsail.
draft
Tightening the downhaul/Cunningham moves the draft of the mailsail _______.
forward
To get full power an optimum use out of the mainsail, _____ it until it just starts to luff, then trim the mainsail in so it just stops _____.
ease, luffing
Two ways to change the sail’s angle to the wind are: a). ______ or _____ the sail; b). ____ ____ or _____ _____.
a). ease or trim; b). head up, bear away
The tendency for the boat to head up toward the wind on its own is called ______ ______.
weather helm
The tendency for the boat to bear away from the wind on its own is called ______ ______.
lee helm
While sailing close hauled, four ways to decrease the heel of the boat are: a) move crew to _____ side of the boat; b). _____ _____ slightly, into the edge of the no-sail zone; c). _____ the main _____; d). move the _____ to leeward.
a) windward; b). head up; c). ease, sheet; d). traveler
Reducing the size of a sail so that less area is exposed to the wind is called ______.
reefing
Knots primary purpose: Bowline
Form a non-slipping loop, tie jib sheets to clew of jib
Knots primary purpose: Figure 8
Stopper knot, to keep line from slipping through a fairlead or block
Knots primary purpose: Square knot
Tie two ends of a line together
Knots primary purpose: Cleat hitch
Secure a dock line to a horn cleat
Knots primary purpose: Clove hitch
Temporary tie-up to dock piling, attach fenders to stanchion
Knots primary purpose: Round turn w/ 2 half hitches
More secure tie-up to dock piling
When you want a break from sailing, you can make the boat lie ____-______.
hove-to
You heave-to by backing the ______, easing the _____, and putting the _____ to leeward.
jib, maisail, helm (tiller)
Secures the bow of the boat to the dock
bow line
Secures the stern of the boat to the dock.
stern line
Keeps the boat from moving aft.
forward spring
Keeps the boat from moving forward.
aft spring
______ are used to protect the hull from contact with the dock or other boats.
fenders
The ideal point of sail on which to approach a mooring ball is on a _____ _____.
close reach
A sailing vessel over 23 feet in length under way at night or in restricted visibility is required to display a _______ sidelight on the port side, a _____ sidelight on the starboard side, and a _____ light on the stern.
red, green, white
In the Navigation Rules, Rule 5 (Lookout Rule) requires all vesssels to maintain a proper lookout using ____ and _____ and any other available means (e.g., radar)
sight, hearing
It is the responsibility of every vessel operator to avoid a _______.
collision
The _____-_____ vessel’s obligation is to maintain _____ and ______.
stand-on, course, speed
The _____-_____ vessel is required to maneuver out of the way of the stand-on vessel.
give-way
A vessel overtaking another vessel must ____ _____ to the vessel being overtaken (see diagram on 115)
give way
When two sailing vessels are approaching on opposite tacks, the vessel with the wind on the _____ side is the stand-on vessel.
starboard
When two sailing vessels are sailing with the wind on the same side, the vessel to ______ is the give-way vessel (see diagram 115)
windward
When a sailboat has its engine running and in gear, it is defined as a _____-______ vessel, regardless of whether the sails are raised.
power-driven
A powerboat, not in a channel or restricted in its ability to maneuver, should ____ ____ to a sailboat under sail, unless the sailboat is ______ the powerboat.
give way, overtaking
When two power-driven vessels are meeting head-on, _____ boat is the stand-on vessel. Instead, both vessels should alter course to _____ and pass port-to-port (diagram 115)
neither, starboard
In a crossing situation, if powerboat A sees powerboat B on its starboard side, then powerboat A shall _____ ______ (diagram 115)
give way
The give-way vessel shall take ____ and _____ action to keep clear. If the give-way vessel does not seem to be taking early or substantial-enough action, then the _____-_____ vessel must take action to avoid the collision.
early, substantial, stand-on
Nearly all vessels must be _______ with the state in which they operate, and/or ______ through the USCG Vessel Documentation Center.
registered, documented
There must be at least one Type I, II, III or V _____ _____ on board for _____ person.
life jacket (or PFD), for each person
Four examples of visual distress signals: _____; _____ _____; _____ _____; _____ _____ _____;
flares, smoke signals, distress flag, electric distress light
An ____ ____ can serve as a sound-producing device.
air horn
Any sailboat under 26 feet in length with an engine must carry a ______ ______.
fire extinguisher
A sailing vessel over 23 feet in length under way at night or in restricted visibility is required to display a _______ sidelight on the port side, a _____ sidelight on the starboard side, and a _____ light on the stern.
red, green, white
The Federal limit for blood alcohol content is _____ percent.
0.08
In the Aids to Navigation system, a ______ is a floating aid anchored to the bottom. A beacon is a _____ mark and can be on land or in the water.
buoy, fixed
Lateral Aids to Navigation are identified by three features, _____, _____, and _____.
color, shape, number
A way to remember on which side to keep the starboard-hand (red) markers when entering a channel from seaward is “_____ _____ _____” (here in the US)
“red right returning”
A _____ _____ buoy has read and white vertical stripes and is safe to pass on either side.
safe water
The procedure for recovering a MOB is: a) appoint someone as a ______ to keep MOB in sight; b). throw ____ device to the MOB; c). Maneuver the boat back to the MOB and approach on a _____ _____ point of sail; d). stop the boat by _____ the sails and bring MOB aboard.
spotter; flotation; close reach; luffing
The Figure 8 recovery method works well on small boats since there is no _____, thereby reducing the risk of a second MOB.
jibe
Checking the _____ forecast is one of the most important steps to take before going sailing.
weather
A ____ plan can be provided to a friend or relative who is willing to be responsible for contacting the authorities if you do not make contact on schedule.
float
Why is it called close-hauled
Sails hauled as close to centerline of boat as possible
What is masthead fly
Windvane at top of mast
What are five components of standing rigging
Backstay, forestay (w/ or w/o roller furling), shrouds, spreaders, chainplates
What are components of running rigging? name 5
Largely the lines/ropes used to control sail trim and shape – halyards, sheets, boom vang, traveller, topping lift. (Could it also be the cunningham, outhaul, etc.?)
Name four shackles and distinguishing characteristics
D-Shackle (it’s in the name); Halyard Shackle (cotter pin); Snap Shackle (spring loaded pin keeps it shut); Twist Shackle (it’s in the name)
Best and worst place to board a boat
Middle and bow
Best direction to step onto a boat
Down, not out
Courtesy question before boarding
“Permission to come aboard, Captain?”
Primary purpose of mainsteet?
adjusting angle to the wind, limiting how far boom can move away from centerline
Important step before all changes involving long lines
Ensuring the tail end is flaked, stack-coiled, running free
Distinctive aspect of the clew
close to 90 angle
What are used to attach the mainsail to the mast
Slugs or bolt ropes
Important to remember before hoisting the mainsail
Insert battens!
What should you never do with a halyard?
Let go of either end. Always secure to the deck if need to let go.
The top of a sail where it connects to halyard may be reinforced by a _______?
Headboard
What are used to attach a jib to the forestay
Hanks or luff tape
The luff tape on a jib goes into into a slot called the….
headfoil
Steps to rigging a jib (PaTH SHoRe FeaR)
- Position it; 2. Tack it; 3. Hank it, bottom up; 4. Sheet it; 5. Halyard it (bowline); 6. Run the sheets (figure eights); 7. Flake it; 8. Raise it
More wraps on a winch will allow crew member to
snub a heavier load on the line
You should put wraps on a winch before ____
inserting the winch handle
Winch handle should only be inserted when _____
needed for grinding
The loose end of the line coming off of a winch needs to be _______
tailed
Should you pull or push on a winch handle?
Pull. Push is more effort
After finish grinding, the free end of the line should be either:
tied to a cleat, or put into its jammer
Before uncleating a line in preparation of easing a line, ensure it is
free to run
Before uncleating, also check the _____ on the line between the winch an its load
tension
Name six danger areas on a sailboat
- Anywhere in or above the plane of the boom; 2. On the leeward side; 3. In the way of the jib or jib lines during a manuever; 4. Anywhere outside the cockpit; 5. At the bow and stern (Hold on!); 6. Near open hatches; 7. Near slippery areas.
Steps to Hoisting the main
- Release the ties; 2. De-top it; 3. De-boomvang it it; 4. Clear halyards aloft; 4. Tighten halyard: 5. Hey, Crew; 6. Hoist it; 7. Gather loose halyard; 8. BOC (boomvang, outhaul, cunningham) adjustments
An indication that you are not sailing a straight line or working too hard is
a wake that looks like a snake
Two ways to stop a sail from luffing
- Bear away; 2. Trim the sheet
Raising a jib (DeM SaC FLooR CoT)
- De-lash it from deck; 2. Move crew; 3. Sight the halyard; 4. Check jib sheets; 5. Free the windward sheet; 6. Lightly wrap the leeward sheet; 7. Raise it, remove scallops; 8. Cleat it; 9. Trim it.
Vertical wrinkles in the mainsail mean…
…too much halyard tension
Scallops between hanks and/or loose horizontal wrinkles along the luff mean…
… too little halyard tension
Steps to tack a boat (SiC JeRC TiC TaG)
- Surroundings; 2. Command “RA”; 3. Jibsheets readied (free to run, wraps); 4. Replies; 5. Command “HaL”; 6. Timing of jib shift and sheets; 7. Crew shift; 8. Trim; 9. Gather
Steps to wing on wing
- Start from board reach
- Boom vang snug
- Eash the mainsheet to the spreaders
- Move jib to windward side
- Steer slightly off wind to avoid jibe
A heel of more than 15 to 20 degrees will be difficult to steer straight due to
… significant turning forces which usually try to make the boat head up into the wind. Felt as weather helm
Ways to manage heeling
- Crew to windward side
- Take draft out of sails by tighten mainsail adjustments (outhaul, halyard) and halyard on jib
- Steer slightly closer to the wind
- Depower the sails from back to front (i.e., mainsail then jib)
- Reduce the sails (reefing, different sails)
To avoid confusion on deck, skippers should…
settle on consistent commands used over time (Ready about? Helm’s a-lee. Ready to jibe? Jibe-ho)
A safe means of on deck communications is…
… call and response, or statement and acknowledgement.
Rule 5
“lookout rule”; “sight and hearing”
Stand-on vessel must maintain…
… course and speed
If multiple vessels around you….
…. address the one that will be encountered first, taking into consideration location, direction and speed, then the others
Hierarchy of privilege
Restricted vs. manueverable Overtaking vs. being overtaken Power driven vs. only Sail driven Port tack sail vs. Starboard tack sail Same tack sails Head on
In the US, Federal regulations are enforeced by
USCG
State requirements include
registration, displayed registration numbers, and registration carried aboard
Type 1 PFD
Offshore Life Jacket
Type 2 PFD
Near Shore Buoyancy Vest
Type III PFD
Flotation Aid for water activities (waterski, fishing, kayak)
Type IV PFD
Thowable Device
Type V PFD
Special purpose (hypothermia, commercial, inflatable)
Required Safety Equipment (5 maybe six)
- Navigation lights (green, red, white)
- PFDs
- Visual (day and night) signals (light, smoke, flare)
- Sound signals (horn, whistle)
- Fire Extinguishers (type and size indicated
What about MOB?
A sailboat under power should have turned on…
- Running lights
- Forward-facing steaming light (halfway up mast)
So, 365 degrees of white
A sailboat at anchor should have turned on…
- Masthead white light 360 degrees of white
Information/regulatory marker shapes
- Orange diamond with cross ==> Exclusion zone
- Orange diamond ==> Danger
3 Orange circle ==> Restricted operations - Orange square ==> Information
Day markers (color, shape, lights)
Green = square, w/ and w/o beacon light Red = triangle, w/ and w/o beacon light
Types of green channel markers
Can buoys and Lighted Buoy
Types of Red channel markers
Nun buoys and Lighted Buoy
Safe water markers looks like….
Buoy that is vertically half white, half red, ball on top
Junction marker looks like…
Predominant color marks the preferred fork in the road with middle belt color as the secondary fork in the road (using red right return guideline)
The primary aft spring line goes from the ____ of the boat then _____ . A secondary aft spring line goes from the ____ of the boat then _____.
bow, AFT
middle, AFT
When docking, the first lines deployed are the
AFT spring line from middle of boat (stop boat moving forward) then BOW and STERN lines (to bring close to dock). After that the AFT spring line and secondaries, if needed.
The primary forward spring line goes from the ____ of the boat then _____ . A secondary forward spring line goes from the ____ of the boat then _____.
stern, FORWARD
middle, FORWARD
When docking, before lines are deployed, these should be positioned
Fenders
What is rode, and why is its length important?
Rope + chain between anchor and boat. Want the pull on the buried anchor to be more horizontal than vertical.
What is scope, and what is good benchmark?
Length of rode let out / (depth of water + height of boat deck). 7:1
When anchoring, finish the approach to the anchor spot…
… head to wind, then start letting out rode as wind pushes boat back.
MOB Figure Eight
- Flotation.
- Spotter.
2a. Crew prepares retrieval line. - Beam reach away from MOB, Tack into the wind, keep turning back across original path on a broad reach, then turn up into wind to a close reach heading to MOB.
- Keep MOB on the leeward side of boat, luffing sails to slow/stop boat.
- IMMEDIATE priority is rope onto MOB. Bowline around torso. Do not allow MOB or boat to drift away, as more manuevering too costly.
- Turn too wind. Ignore chaos of sails. Priority is getting MOB aboard.
MOB Broad Reach Close Reach method (a.k.a “Bricker” or “BRCR”)
- Flotation
- Spotter
2a. Crew prepares retrieval line - Fall off to a Broad Reach, sail away 3 or 4 boat lengths. Then, head up and tack to a close reach toward MOB.
Considerations and methods of recovering MOB
- Consider condition of MOB and ability to help himself
- Methods
a. Swim ladder or step
b. Pure muscle
c. Winch
Treating hypothermia
- Get person out of cold
- Remove wet clothes and dry off.
- New clothes or just a blanket
- Focus on rewarming core first, extremities later
- Huddle to share body heat
- Head to shore
- If conscious, small sips of tepid water –> warm tea/broth –> hot tea/broth. Never alcohol.
Planning a sail
- Where you going to go? What’s there?
- How you going to get there? The path and what’s along the way
- When you going to go? Weather, tide and current considerations
- Who will do what?
- What is needed? Safety equipment, food, water, extra warm clothing and hats.
Added equipment checklist for a day sail
Tools; sponge; bailing device or pump; bucket; anchor and rode; compass; knife; first-aid kit; flashlight; VHF radio; cell phone; GPS; air horn; whistle; extra line
