AS. Miles - 1. The reasons for and impact of religious change.

Question 1

Life in England before 1529

Answer 1

.

Question 2

England in 1485 - population and landscape

Answer 2

The landscape was pastoral and rural. Total population was about 3 million, and 90% of whom lived in very rural communities.
Towns were small. A large town : Norwich had a population of about 12,000.
London had a population of 60,000.

Question 3

Farming

Answer 3

Arable farming with a variety of crops was common. The large open fields were common in many areas of arable farming. The land was divided into strips and given by local land owners to tenants.
In the late 15th century there was concern about enclosure.

Question 4

Enclosure

Answer 4

Enclosure involved putting a fence around a field so that either one crop could be produced on a larger scale or the field could be used as livestock.

An anti-enclosure act was passed in 1489, but wasn’t effective.

Question 5

Cloth industry.

Answer 5

Accounted for nearly 80% of England’s exports. The wool and cloth industry generated the most growth.
Connections began with the Netherlands, Spain and Italy, with the Holy Roman Empire in Venice.
Most wool was made by peasants, by hand.

Question 6

English society

Answer 6

Everyone knew their place in society. From the King, downwards, through the ranks of clergy, nobles, gentry, merchants, commoners, servants and paupers. This was known as ‘The Great Chain Of Being’.

Question 7

…pt2

Answer 7

Nobles were few in number- just over 50 - owned large areas of land which provided power and influence in the localities. Strict and rigid laws of primogeniture meant that estates were passed down intact to the eldest son or closest male relative.
Below the nobles were the gentry, merchants, commoners and beggars.
The commoners suffered the most from enclosure.

Question 8

…pt3

Answer 8

At the pinnacle of the social hierarchy was the monarch. He ruled under God, though later the Divine Rights of Kings had not been fully set out.

Question 9

England in 1529 - position in Europe

Answer 9

-lots of land in France - still ruled over Calias.
-The Netherlands were important due to cloth trade.
-Spain becoming a major power.

Question 10

The government of England

Answer 10

-Dictatorship was integral.
-Royal household treated him well in terms of hospitality.
-King depended on nobles for advice and along with senior churchmen made up the privy council.

Question 11

Economy and finance

Answer 11

-cloth industry booming.
-Lands owned by the Crown provided the King with regular income.

Question 12

Monarchy in England

Answer 12

-The throne was in a volatile state.
-There was a lot of dispute over power related subjects.

Question 13

Tudor Wales in 1529

Answer 13

After 1283, the land of Wales that was under control of the King was called “The Principality”. This area, about 1/3rd of Wales, was ruled under English sovereignty.
The principality was divided into shrines which were governed by men appointed by the King.
2/3rds of Wales was still governed by the “Marcher Lords”.

Question 14

Tudor Wales.

Answer 14

1500- estimated that about 250,000 lived in Wales.
the vast majority living under non-English terrain.
-Wales unable to produce food in relation to demand. It’s estimated that about 50% of the population suffered from malnutrition which in turn made them more susceptible to disease.
-Infant mortality was very high- 25% of babies died at birth and another 25% of babies died before their 1st birthday,
-The poor received help from 46 monastries in Wales.

Question 15

The importance of the church and opposition

Answer 15

.

Question 16

Why was the Catholic church so powerful?

Answer 16

-It owned about 1/3rd of the land and had considerable wealth.
-The church had a hierarchy from archbishops to bishops all the way down the chain to poor parish priests who earned less than £15 a e=year.
-There were about 35,000 ordained clergy and about 10,000 monks and nuns.
-Had it’s own legal system - the Pope decided (Rome) on all matters, both religious and political.

Question 17

…pt2

Answer 17

The church provided certainty, which was scarce in a time of short-life and disease.
Priests used paintings and statues, to explain Christian beliefs, but it is hardly surprising if beliefs focused more on nature and the fear of going to hell.

Question 18

The English people in the 16th century

Answer 18

-The pope , in Rome, was head of the church and had supreme authority over all spiritual matters.
-There was a discernible elaborate hierarchy of churchmen.
-The clergy held a special and powerful place within the community. Access to Bible and written in Latin, meaning it was limited to priests and other.
-The unique role of priesthood was confirmed by their appearance, as they wore particular clothes and vestments.
-People devotes their life to Catholicism through 7 sacraments, wherein baptism and other isms were done.
-They should attend church regularly to secure a place in heaven.

Question 19

Churches within the community

Answer 19

-Churches were the most common building.
- Nearly 2/3rds of English parishes were rebuilt in the 15th century.
-It was only when Henry VIII wanted a divorce, leading to what is known as the reformation that people criticized the church.

Question 20

…pt2

Answer 20

Albeit the church was very powerful, with its very power came its great corruption. Emphasis on the incompetence of the clergy. For example, some clergy were immoral, and some were pluralists.

Question 20

…pt2

Answer 20

Albeit the church was very powerful, with its very power came its great corruption. Emphasis on the incompetence of the clergy. For example, some clergy were immoral, and some were pluralists.

Question 21

Historian interpretations

Answer 21

Professor A.G Dickens -
Looked at evidence from a Protestant perspective - suggested that the church was criticized due to the shortcomings in the church that were nothing new ; the Catholic church had strength and vitality and much active support, both in worship and in outwards signs such as church buildings projects.

Other historians argued that the reformation was primarily political, to grant Henry’s divorce.

Question 22

The church’s political sphere

Answer 22

The church was also a force in National and international politics. The church offered and additional service to monarchs. It’s power over people’s minds through it’s teachings created a channel in which obedience to the will of the King could also be taught.

Question 23

What was the condition of the Roman Catholic church in England in 1529?

Answer 23

Historians- J A Froude + J H Green.
They said that the Roman Catholic church was in poor condition by 1529. This unfortunate situation coupled with the spreading of Protestant ideas coming in from the continent, led to a strong dislike of the church and it’s clergy. This facilitated Henry’s goal and he toppled it to take it’s power and wealth.

Question 24

Opposing views - Phillip Hughes and David Knowles

Answer 24

They argued that religious change was corollary of a greedy King plagued with madness, chasing after a female.
Both historians were Catholic priests. Historians argued that there was a bias as they were defending their own organisations.

Question 25

Key definitions

Answer 25

.

Question 26

Pope

Answer 26

God’s representative and head of the whole church.

Question 27

cardinals

Answer 27

senior churchmen who elect the popes

Question 28

archbishop

Answer 28

senior churchmen in each catholic country

Question 29

bishop

Answer 29

regional leader of the church

Question 30

congregation

Answer 30

people who worship in a church

Question 31

Power over the illiterate

Answer 31

Illiterate peasants relied on the educated
members of the clergy to teach them about
Christianity. They interpreted the Bible to
benefit the parishioners.

Many church walls had contrasting and lurid
pictures of heaven and hell, called Doom
Paintings.

Question 32

Church as a law court

Answer 32

If you remember year 7, Thomas
Becket had an argument with the King
(Henry II) about the courts

The reason for this was that the King
(appointed by God) believed he should
control all courts, whereas the Church
controlled their own courts

Pope also had his own Court of Appeal
(Papal Curia)

Question 33

Indulgences

Answer 33

Indulgences became a prominent Catholic practice
in as early as the 1200’s. Any devoted Catholic
parishioner could pay money to the church in
exchange for the forgiveness of sins.

Martin Luther argued that only God could forgive
the sins of those who put all of their faith into
Jesus, and not into indulgences. Luther discovered
that many of his parishioners felt no need to come
to church after they had purchased indulgences.

Question 34

Opposition to the church

Answer 34

.

Question 35

Lollards

Answer 35

-John Wycliffe’s ideas from 1300s
-Bible in English and reduced Church
power
-No longer an influential force
-Pockets of Lollards in rural southern
areas

Question 36

Humanists

Answer 36

-Laymen and clergy
-More and Erasmus were leading
humanists.
-More wrote Utopia, envisaging the
perfect Church.
-They wanted subtle reform of Church.
-They also wanted an enlightened
approach to education and thinking.
-They opposed radical Protestantism.

Question 37

Lutherans

Answer 37

-Based on the ideas of Martin Luther
-Strong opposition to Catholic
tradition
-Robert Barnes led small Lutheran
group from the White Horse
-Lutheranism laid the foundations for
English reformists to attack the
Church

Question 38

Tyndale’s English bible

Answer 38

-Opposed weakness and failings of the
Church.
-He published his English Bible in 1525.
-Executed in 1536 by Catholic agents.

Question 39

Key individuals.

Answer 39

.

Question 40

Thomas More

Answer 40

Lord Chancellor who denied Henry’s authority over the church

Question 41

John Colet

Answer 41

Humanist priest who pushed to reform the church

Question 42

Hugh Latimer

Answer 42

Bishop of Worcester who was executed for protestant beliefs in 1555.

Question 43

How did Erastian teachings influence Henry?

Answer 43

-An idea developed by Thomas Erastus.
-State should have full power over Church administration
-King is head of the Church.
-King should administer ALL punishments, even Church abuses

Question 44

Other main forms of opposition to the catholic church before the reformation

Answer 44

.

Question 45

Anti-papalism

Answer 45

-Belief that the Pope is not the spiritual head of the Church to be revered.
-The Pope didn’t interfere much in English affairs.

Question 46

Anticlericalism

Answer 46

-A cleric is a religious leader.
-Anticlericalism is the opposition to the church and it’s leaders.
-Simon Fish is an example of somebody who publicly criticized the clerics and their abuse of power.
-Pluralism led to poor leadership from unqualified, stand-in clerics.

Question 47

Martin Luther and protestants (protestant reformation?)

Answer 47

.

Question 48

Who was Martin Luther?

Answer 48

Martin Luther was a German monk who began the Protestant Reformation in the 16th Century.

Question 49

Why did Martin Luther and his ideas “go viral”?

Answer 49

Luther was particularly averse to indulgences. Because he was protesting against the Catholic church, his followers became known as Protestants.
Luther was influenced by the ideas of English philosopher John Wycliffe. However, Wycliffe’s ideas were declared as heretical.

Question 50

…pt2

Answer 50

Luther’s small protest led to a much bigger change that historians call : “the reformation”. It polarized the church into 2.

Question 51

Luther’s most important ideas.

Answer 51

-The only way to gain forgiveness and ensure a place in heaven is to believe in Jesus Christ.
-The ruler of each country, and not the pope, should be the leader of the church.
-Ordinary people should be able to access and comprehend the bible in their language.
-The church was no place for excessive and ostentacious commodities.
-Priests should be able to marry if they chose.

Question 52

What happened to his ideas?

Answer 52

• Preachers would read Luther’s words out loud as part of a sermon and so more people were exposed to his ideas.
  -The large number of printing presses made it difficult for the Catholic Church and local rulers to control them. By the time they shut down a printing press in one town, pamphlets were already being printed elsewhere.

Question 53

How did the Catholic church react?

Answer 53

-In 1521, the Pope excommunicated Luther, meaning he could no longer attend church services and would not get to Heaven. The Catholic Church wanted Luther to keep quiet, but he had a powerful ally, Frederick the Wise of Saxony. Frederick thought he could increase his own power and independence by protecting Luther. He especially liked Luther’s idea that Church wealth should belong to the local ruler.
-In the same year that Luther was excommunicated, King Henry VIII wrote a book defending the Catholic Church (gave Luther more fame)

Question 54

How did other’s react?

Answer 54

Zwingli of Switzerland was influenced by his ideas and used them to develop his own.

Question 55

The reformation.

Answer 55

.

Question 56

The late Medieval church

Answer 56

-Historiography - A. G Dickens presented us with a church, that was riven by conflict, spiritually exhausted, lost it’s authority and it’s wit and appeal. This interpretation was very important as we payed attention to the opinions of the people.
-Lay party was focused on - the extent to which ordinary people were engaged with the church. Through looking at the records, the lay people were actually very engaged in the church.

Question 57

…pt2

Answer 57

-The church of England on the eve of reformation was in pretty good health, despite what people may think.
-The church presented the everyday lives of the populace, with sacraments and rituals to affect their perception of time and virtue.

Question 58

Reform before the reformation.

Answer 58

.

Question 59

Llolardy

Answer 59

-Llolardy was a religious movement that was declared heretical by the church. Inspired by the Oxford academic Wycliffe, who opposed transubstantiation and the clergy’s power, objected to Pilgrimages and other religious isms.
-Llolards opposed the idea that the people ought to pay tithes and swearing oaths in legal proceedings.
-Llolards were executed and arrested.
However, Llolardy didn’t induce radical protest against church and existed merely as another dimension of some people’s spiritual lives.

Question 60

Humanism (Christian)

Answer 60

-Christian humanism was also another anti-catholic creed that emerged.
-Christian humanists applied the same critical attitude as Italian humanists to the texts of the Christian religion and bible.
-One of the most well-renowned humanists was Erasmus. In 1516, he translated the new testament into greek.

Question 61

Desiderius Erasmus

Answer 61

-The Catholic church were using the valgate, the original catholic doctrine, written by St Jerome.
-Erasmus realized that St Jerome wasn’t divinely inspired and made fundermental mistakes in his writings.
-He objected to the sacraments, in particular the use of marriage.
-He opposed rituals and relics, and advocated a more direct and personal relationship between the believer and God.

Question 62

…pt2

Answer 62

His ideas were espoused in England on the eve of the reformation.

John Colet even made a speech and criticized the church for it’s utility.

Question 63

Reasons for the Break With Rome.

Answer 63

.

Question 64

The King’s Great Matter.

Answer 64

Religious changes in the reign of Henry VIII (1509-47) are best understood in two phases:

-The Break with Rome c.1529-33
-The Henrician Reformation from 1534.

During the first years of Henry VIII’s reign, the King was a committed Roman Catholic. He defended the Roman Catholic faith against Protestantism and as a result, the Pope awarded him the title of ‘Fidel Defensor’. However by 1539 Henry had broken away from the Roman Catholic and set up the
Church of England.

Question 65

The establishment of Royal Supremacy.

Answer 65

The problems over resolving ‘the King’s Great
Matter’ led in the short term to the downfall of
Wolsey and in the longer term to the establishment
of the royal supremacy.

Question 66

The phrase Break with Rome is different
from the Reformation!!!

Answer 66

The phrase ‘Break with Rome’ is different from the Reformation. During the Break with Rome technical and legal changes in the status of the English Church were brought about through legislation of the Reformation Parliament. While the legislation removed the SOCIAL, POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC power of the Pope it did not lead to the end of
Catholicism in the country.

Question 67

The King’s Great matter pt2

Answer 67

-By the mid-1520s Henry was becoming dissatisfied at the state of his marriage. No male heir. One child – Mary. Catherine passed childbearing years. Considered legitimising Henry Fitzroy.
-Fallen in love with Anne Boleyn. Not willing to become mistress. Henry required Wolsey to secure a papal dispensation for the annulment.
This became known as the ‘King’s Great Matter’.
-Henry finds biblical justification from the book of Leviticus.

Question 68

What was the main reason for the break with Rome?

Answer 68

Love +_divorce, desire for an heir, reform of the church, taking power from the pope, his own conscience and financial benefits.

Question 69

Why were the 1530’s and Reformation so
important?

Answer 69

-Before 1529, England had been a proud Catholic country.
-By 1534, Henry had taken power of the Church in England.
-By 1549, England would be completely Protestant.
-England today could have been a Catholic country, filled with magnificent cathedrals and colourful monasteries.
-The national psyche would be more in line with countries like Spain and Italy.

Question 70

Why were the 1530s and the reformation so important?

Answer 70

-Before 1529, England had been a proud Catholic country.
-By 1534, Henry had taken power of the Church in England.
-By 1549, England would be completely Protestant.
-England today could have been a Catholic country, filled with magnificent cathedrals and colourful monasteries.
-The national psyche would be more in line with countries like Spain and Italy.

Question 71

The process of Henry’s divorce from Catherine.

Answer 71

-Henry’s illegitimate son made Duke of Richmond.
-The book Collectanea Satis Copiosa tells Henry he should rule over Church.
-Pope sends Cardinal Campeggio to hear Henry’s case.
-Henry decides he wants an annulment.
-HRE, Charles V (Catherine’s nephew) sacks Rome and kidnaps the Pope.
-Cranmer declares marriage to Catherine invalid and Henry marries Anne.

Question 72

…pt2

Answer 72

-Submission of Clergy sees English Church recognise Henry as Head.
-Henry starts to chase Anne Boleyn.
-Wolsey blamed for failure and accused of Praemunire. Replaced by More.
-Henry stops sleeping with Catherine.
-Campeggio called back to Rome and divorce denied.

Question 73

The causes of the break with Rome.

Answer 73

.

Question 74

Henry’s own conscience

Answer 74

-Henry believed that his marriage was against God’s law and offended his own conscience. He needed a male heir and this is one reason that he asked for annulments.
-Murphy argues that Henry insisted that the words of the Bible in Leviticus represented God’s own judgement of his marriage to Catherine.

Question 75

Henry’s desire for a male heir

Answer 75

Attempted to make his illegitimate son Henry Fitzroy, his heir but this did not stop him wanting to marry Anne to produce a legitimate male heir.

Question 76

Role of Anne Boleyn faction

Answer 76

Henry influenced by reformist writers e.g Tyndale , Simon Fish, St Jermaine and a group of academics like Hugh Latimer etc, who confirmed that Henry was well within his rights to reject the authority of the church.

Question 77

Role of Anne Boleyn

Answer 77

According to Eric ives, Henry had already decided to annul his marriage to Catherine, Anne Boleyn had an impact on Henry’s sentiment.

Question 78

State of the church and reformist notions

Answer 78

There was a mood in the country for change on some level. Henry was influenced by the anti-clerical movement.

Question 79

A groundswell of opposition?

Answer 79

According to historians such as A G Dickens (the English reformation), Henry was carried along by Protestantism and a popular resistance to the Catholic Church. It was this push for reform that led to Henry’s break with Rome.

Question 80

Henry’s need to increase his revenue - ECONOMIC

Answer 80

In 1529 Henry VIII wished to invade France but there was no money. There was widespread discontent and full scale revolt when Wolsey
tried to exact tax without consent of Parliament. If Henry could gain control of the Church, then new funds would be available for foreign policy. According to Cardinal Pole, Thomas Cromwell made a pact with Henry promising to make him the most powerful king yet known in England – the wealth of the Church would finance reform.

Question 81

Henry’s desire for power

Answer 81

Many accounts depict Henry as having a powerful ego and wanting to be supreme in all matters. It could be argued that this was the motivation behind the break and the divorce was simply the occasion and not the cause. The refusal of the pope to grant Henry his divorce simply provided Henry with the opportunity .

Question 82

…pt2

Answer 82

However,
This argument is less convincing given the amount of time Henry spent trying to persuade the
pope to grant the divorce. Even legislation such as the first Act of Annates was conditional, giving the pope the opportunity to grant the divorce in return for an abandonment of the break.

Question 83

Conclusion

Answer 83

There are various reasons for the Break with Rome. However, political motivation, especially the desire for a son, was more important to Henry than religion. Religious issues like the poor state of the Church gave Henry the excuse he needed to attack the Church and reformers like Tyndale gave him the moral and political justification for taking control of the church.

Question 84

Religious and ecclesiastical policies 1547-1553

Answer 84

Key words
Idolatry - The worship of idols and images.
Iconoclasm - The destruction of idols and images.

Question 85

What were Edward’s religious beliefs?

Answer 85

The reign of Edward VI witnessed a decisive shift towards Protestantism. Powerful individuals such as Protector Somerset (1547-9), the Duke of
Northumberland 1550-1553 and Archbishop Cranmer were Protestant.

Question 86

…pt2

Answer 86

The role of the European reformers was more significant. Edward, aged 9 when he became king (January 1547), was committed to the faith. He was
brought up a Protestant and heavily influenced by Catherine Parr and some tutors who she employed like John Cheke. 22 out of the 22 royal preachers
were Protestants; Coverdale (translator of the Bible into English) was made Bishop of Exeter (1551) and became the royal chaplain.

Question 87

…pt3

Answer 87

The expectation that Edward would advance the cause of Protestantism wasvestablished from the very beginning of his reign. At his coronation, Archbishop Cranmer compared Edward with the biblical child-king, Josiah. The Josiah analogy was a perfect model for Protestant reformers. Josiah had come to the throne aged eight, after a father who had worshipped idols. Josiah embarked on iconoclasm and reinstated the book of Law (the Bible). Edward was clearly being steered in a
Protestant direction.

Question 88

Useful facts

Answer 88

-Only 5% of Edward’s chronicles is devoted to the subject of religion. His main religious concern in the chronicle is not doctrine.

-Many of Edward’s close advisors were Protestant, such as Catherine Parr, Cranmer, Richard Coxe, William Cecil and John Hales.

Question 89

How were Edward’s Protestant beliefs formed?

Answer 89

.

Question 90

Passionate Protestant

Answer 90

-Edward liked to listen to long sermons
-The Spanish ambassador wrote of how the King
‘delighted in supporting the beliefs of his Protestant ministers.’
-As early as 1547, Edward insisted the Compline was sung in English and not Latin.
-Famous reformer Martin Bucer commented how godly Edward was.

Question 91

Protestantism forced upon him

Answer 91

-His chaplain, Miles Coverdale was a staunch
Protestant (translator of the Bible) and had a big
influence on him.
-Edward rarely wrote about the need for religious
doctrinal change in his famous Chronicle (diary).
-20 of the 22 royal preachers were reformist or
evangelical.
-Step-Mother Catherine Parr, Archbishop Cranmer
and tutors and advisors Richard Coxe and William
Cecil were all devout Protestants.

Question 92

How had religion changed under Somerset by 1549?

Answer 92

Edward’s uncle - Edward Seymour.

Question 93

Introduction to Edward’s Religious changes

Answer 93

-Edward and his ministers were undoubtedly Protestant, but they would have to tread slowly and carefully when implementing their version of religion.
-The first thing Edward’s mainly Protestant government had to do was dilute the Catholic influence in the Church over the first two years.

Question 94

…pt2

Answer 94

-Only then could a new Protestant doctrine be brought in for the masses after from 1549-53.

-By 1553, the structure AND doctrine of England was the most Protestant it’s ever been, including up until today!

Question 95

1547 - destruction of Catholicism.

Answer 95

-Visitations to inspect state of church start in 1547.
-Books of Homilies and Paraphrases were ordered into every church in 1547.
-Royal injunction ordered English services with English bibles and images removed in 1547.

Question 96

…pt2

Answer 96

-The Chantries Act of 1547 banned prayers for the dead and closed chantries.
-Henry’s Six Articles were repealed in 1547, leaving England without doctrine.
-Repeal of the Treason Act in 1547 removed censorship allowing freedom of speech.

Question 97

1548 - Protestant surge is controlled.

Answer 97

-In response to Protestant fervour, new rules dampened the hype.
-Proclamations of 1548 emphasised that transubstantiation should be followed.
-All images were officially removed from churches by 1548.
-Further proclamations rule that only qualified clergy can preach in 1548.
-Cranmer’s First Prayer Book of 1548 gave instructions for church services.
-The Act of Uniformity of 1549 made Cranmer’s Prayer Book the official liturgy.

Question 98

How far did religion change under Northumberland?

Answer 98

.

Question 99

Changes to clerical marriage

Nov 1549

Answer 99

By 1549, priests were allowed to marry

Question 100

Proclamation against images

Dec 1549

Answer 100

Remaining images are to be destroyed

Question 101

Ordinal ceremony reformed

Jan 1550

Answer 101

Ceremony to ordain priests was reformed, but
they were still made to swear an oath to
saints… hardly a Protestant practice!

Question 102

New Treason Act

Jan 1552

Answer 102

New Treason Act made it an offence to question the Royal Supremacy or any new changes to the Church

Question 103

Second Prayer Book

Jan 1552

Answer 103

Removed all traces of Catholicism.

Prayers for the dead and the wearing of
vestments removed.

Question 104

Second Act of Uniformity

April 1552

Answer 104

This legally enforced the 2nd Prayer Book by Act
of Parliament

Question 105

Black Rubric

Nov 1552

Answer 105

Kneeling for Communion (The Eucharist/bread)
was enforced

Question 106

42 Articles

Nov 1552

Answer 106

These were never enforced due to Edward’s death, but were religious orders based on strong Protestant beliefs.

Question 107

Who was the main driving force behind religious change under Edward?

Answer 107

-By the age of 13, Edward was attending Privy Council and was very vocal about the need for a more radical Second Prayer Book.
-There was very little opposition to Edward’s Protestant changes.
-Somerset was an advanced Protestant, but in light of foreign and domestic concerns, he tread made moderate changes to avoid unrest.
-Many staunch Protestants like John Knox thought he was a sell-out.

Question 108

…pt2

Answer 108

-Northumberland was a Catholic, but he made dramatic Protestant changes in order to please Edward and maintain his position.
-Cranmer was the chief religious authority, drafting the First and Second Prayer Books, with help from some European reformers.
-Cranmer was a loyal subject of the King and fought to uphold the Supremacy and Erastian ideas.

Question 109

…pt3

Answer 109

The national clergy remained mostly Catholic and their influence was limited until more could read effectively and share the teachings of Homilies and Paraphrases.
-John Hooper was England’s most staunch Protestant, admired by Edward and Northumberland.
-Martyn Bucer, Peter Martyr and John Calvin were the key European influencers of religion.
-Greed also played a part in religious change, with much reform being based on stripping the churches wealth.

Question 110

Opposition to religious changes under
Edward

Answer 110

The period of the Reformation under Edward VI is notable for its lack of opposition and the virtual absence of persecution, particularly of the lower
clergy. Although this should not be assumed to mean that there was positive enthusiasm for the reforms, it did make the Government’s job of
enforcement easier.

Question 111

…pt2

Answer 111

The only serious organised resistance, the Western rebellion was successfully suppressed in 1549. The only two high-profile opponents of the Edwardian
Reformation was Stephen Gardiner (bishop of Winchester) and Edmund Bonner (bishop of London). Gardiner was opposed to the services in English, toleration of image breaking and any doctrinal change of the Church.

He expressed his views publicly.

Question 112

Opposition to religious change.

Answer 112

.

Question 113

How serious was the opposition to religious
change?

Answer 113

The most serious opposition to the religious changes was the Pilgrimage of Grace, which lasted from October 1536 to February 1537. However, there were also instances of individuals, such as Thomas More, and monastic groups, such as the Carthusians, providing opposition. The Reformation had brought about many changes to the religious and social fabric of England and therefore it is perhaps surprising that there was not more opposition.

Question 114

Opposition in the period 1529-35

Answer 114

.

Question 115

Sir Thomas More

Answer 115

Why did he oppose?
-He did not agree with Henry’s divorce from
Catherine.
-He did not believe the Church should be under
lay control.
-Supported papal authority.

Question 116

How he opposed and what happened.

Answer 116

-He resigned as Lord Chancellor.
-He refused to swear the Oath of Supremacy.
-Executed.

Question 117

John Fisher

Answer 117

Why did he oppose?
-He believed in the powers given to the
papacy, opposition was a mortal sin.

Question 118

How he opposed and what happened.

Answer 118

He refused to swear the Oath of Supremacy.

Thereby Executed.

Question 119

Carthusian monks and Franciscan friars

Answer 119

Why did they oppose?

Disagreed with the break from Rome.

Question 120

How they opposed and what happened.

Answer 120

-Resisted changes.

-Houses were closed, imprisoned and some
executed, others died of starvation rather than
surrender.

Question 120

How they opposed and what happened.

Answer 120

-Resisted changes.

-Houses were closed, imprisoned and some
executed, others died of starvation rather than
surrender.

Question 121

Elizabeth Barton

Answer 121

Opposed the divorce. In turn, she prophesied that Henry would lose his throne.

Executed as a result.

Question 122

The Pilgrimage of Grace 1536

Answer 122

The dissolution of the smaller monasteries, the Ten Articles and Injunctions would have brought about noticeable changes and it is therefore no surprise
that the largest opposition to the Reformation occurred in the same year.

Question 123

There were 3 elements to this rising :

Answer 123

-The Lincolnshire Rising, 1-11 October 1536.
-The Pilgrimage of Grace, 8 October-8 December 1536.
-Bigod Revolt and Cumberland Rising, 16 January-10 February 1537.

Collectively, they are usually referred to as the Pilgrimage of Grace. The rising, which occurred in most of the northern counties of England, involved
some 40,000 rebels and outnumbered the forces the king could raise by 5:1.

Question 124

Causes of the rebellion.

Answer 124

-The timing of the rebellion would suggest that religion played a significant role.
-Aske claimed that the dissolution was ‘the greatest cause’ of the rising.
-The rebels restored some monks to their monasteries.
-In Lancashire the rising first began in areas around monasteries and they were the last areas to be suppressed.

Question 125

More causes of the rebellion.

Answer 125

-The number of religious grievances in the rebel demands.
-Monasteries were important in the religious life of the north as they often acted as spiritual centres.
-The Pilgrim Oath and Ballad from the rising stressed the religious element; similarly the rebel banner was of the Five Wounds of Christ.
-The rebels wanted the Royal Supremacy to the and heretics to be attacked.

Question 126

Other causes.

Answer 126

-There had been poor harvests in 1535 and 1536.
-Enclosure was an issue in areas near York and the Lake District.
-There were complaints about the scale of rents and entry fines.
-Taxation in peace time brought in by the 1534 Subsidy Act.
-Opposition to the Statute of Uses from the gentry, which was a tax on inheritance.
-Complaints about Cromwell and other advisers to the King.
-Supporters of Catherine of Aragon and Mary.

Question 127

Events of the Pilgrimage of Grace.

Answer 127

-The rising began at Louth and spread across Lincolnshire. Government commissioners were present in the county dissolving the smaller monasteries, collecting subsidy, inspecting clergy and enforcing religious changes.
-News of the rising in Lincolnshire soon spread to Yorkshire and other areas of the north and a series of regional armies or ‘hosts’ under the leadership of the lawyer, Robert Aske, soon assembled.
-The rebels were able to seize York and then Lord Darcy handed over Pontefract Castle.

Question 128

…pt2

Answer 128

-The size of the rebel ‘hosts’ was far larger than the army Henry sent north. He sent the Duke of Norfolk to negotiate with them.
-He asked them for their demands which were drawn up and given to Norfolk.
-Henry offered a general pardon, a parliament to discuss the issues and a truce.
-Aske insisted that the monasteries must not be closed before parliament met. This was agreed and the rebels dispersed.

Question 129

…pt3

Answer 129

-Suspicious of this agreement, Sir Francis Bigod to raise another force in early January 1537. This collapsed quickly and he was arrested in Cumberland, where another group had started to attack Carlisle.
-This gave Henry the excuse he needed. Many who were involved were rounded up and executed, including Aske. Death toll reached 178.