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Aircraft Systems > AS 07 - Radar Theory 2 & Weather Avoidance > Flashcards

AS 07 - Radar Theory 2 & Weather Avoidance Flashcards

1
Q

Review Questions

Name the basic radar components

A 
A - Antenna
P - Power Supply
R - Receiver
I - Indicator
S - Synchronizer 
M - Modulator
T - Transmitter
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2
Q

What are some radar reception factors?

Think target, pulse and radar

A

Target range, size, shape, reflectivity characteristics
Pulse shape, width and repetition frequency (PRF)
Radar power output and receiver sensitivity

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3
Q

Why do smooth seas appear black on the scope?

A

Very little energy returns to the radar, most is lost due to reflection

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4
Q

As seas become rougher, waves produce small reflecting surfaces that return _____ radar energy to the receiver and the scope becomes brighter. How does this effect small targets on the radar?

A

More

Small targets may be hard to identify.

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5
Q

To overcome sea return interference, an operator can:

Reduce_____
Reduce _____
_____ antenna tilt
Select _____ mode

A

Reduce gain
Reduce altitude
Raise antenna tilt
Select sea mode

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6
Q

Surface vessels resemble what land mass?

A

Islands

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7
Q

Metal or concrete boats will provide what when compared to wooden boats?

A

Stronger radar returns

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8
Q

If rivers are wide, they show up dark. The far shore of a river or lake will appear much _______ than the far shore.

A

Brighter

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9
Q

A narrow river may be identified solely by what on radar?

A

A bright return from the far bank

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10
Q

WRT aspect, a river will give more returns if you are __________ to river

A

Perpendicular

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11
Q

Mountains block off the radar echoes and cause what?

A

A mountain shadow

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12
Q

True or false

As the aircraft passes over a mountain, the near edge of a mountain appears brighter than the far edge.

A

True

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13
Q

If no returns are shown from behind the bright mountain, its possible the aircraft may be _____ the peak.

A

Below

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14
Q

If returns do show up behind the bright mountain return, the AC may be above the peak or what?

A

There may be another mountain peak beyond the first

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15
Q

What topo/ geographical features may be mistaken for rivers on a radar?

A

Valleys or canyons

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16
Q

Do urban areas provide good or bad radar returns, why?

A

Good radar returns because buildings are very good reflectors due to shape and materials.

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17
Q

The layout of urban areas creates what kind of effect?

A

A cardinal effect, towns often lined up N-S / E-W

18
Q

What are the Variable Limiting Factors?

A 
Target size and shape
Target composition (reflectivity)
19
Q

Order the following from strongest to weakest return:

Wood, concrete, water, metal, earth, rock and ice

A
  1. Metal
  2. Concrete
  3. Rock
  4. Wood
  5. Earth
  6. Water
  7. Ice
20
Q

What are the Constant Limiting Factors?

A 
Radar Power 
PRF
Spot Size (the resolution of your display)
Pulse Width (range resolution)
Beam Width (azimuth resolution)
Combined Errors
21
Q

On the Hercules and Cyclone, the ACSO is primarily responsible for operating what? As well, the ACSO is responsible for _______ avoidance when operating IFR conditions or at night.

A

The radar & weather avoidance

22
Q

What does the Weather Radar System present and display?

A

It presents an accurate and continuous picture of the weather ahead of the AC

It displays range and azimuth, enabling the operator to give heading changes to avoid severe weather.

23
Q

The radar “sees” water droplets. What affects the strength of radar return regarding water droplets?

A

The intensity of the return depends on the size of droplets and their concentration.

24
Q

The close relationship between turbulence and rain gradient explains what exactly?

A

The greater the change (increase) in water content, the more severe the turbulence.

25
Q

True or false

The primary aim is to avoid areas of heavy rain.

A

False, The primary aim is to avoid areas of heavy turbulence, hail rather and areas of heavy rain

26
Q

Which stage of a thunderstorm has the greatest turbulence?

A

Mature stage, this is when up and down drafts occur with rapid changes in direction and velocity

27
Q

How are up and down drafts depicted on the radar?

A

A sharp edged echo due to high rain gradient

28
Q

What level of relfectivity does snow have?

A

Light, even moderate - heavy snowfall can appear light in intesnsity

29
Q

Hail and ice pellets can appear as which type of precipitation?

A

Heavy precipitation

30
Q

Which side of the thunderstorm anvil is the most dangerous? Why?

A

The downwind side (under the anvil) because hail may be encountered several miles from the strongest radar returns while underneath.

31
Q

Which factors make hail difficult to detect?

A

The shape, density and intensity may give varying levels of returns

32
Q

Radar returns that resemble pointed fingers or hook indicate what?

(review this question, I think TS is an answer)

A

The potential for hail, and in some cases, tornadoes

33
Q

A rapidly developing storm is indicated on a radar by?

A

Scalloped lines or rapidly changes edges. Avoid at greater distances

34
Q

True or false

Whenever possible you should maintain your track to fly through the heaviest radar returns.

A

False, avoid these areas by altering course to fly between or around.

35
Q

What are the weather avoidance distances for the different levels?

A

5 NM when flying below freezing level

10 NM when flying above freezing level

20 NM when flying above 30 000’

36
Q

What are the weather options for the AN/APS 504 (V) 3?

A

Weather (WX) and Weather Contour (CTR)

37
Q

Briefly describe WX and CTR modes.

A

WX mode provides signal processing to show areas of strongest returns within a cell.

CTR mode suppresses areas of high precipitation in the display to give a brightly outlined weather display. The strongest parts of the storm cloud appear as black holes in the cloud returns.

38
Q

For the best results with Weather Mode, how should antenna tilt be adjusted?

A

Adjusted to a point just above the ground clutter returns to avoid confusing ground and weather returns.

39
Q

Review Questions

Why are urban areas good radar targets?

A

Buildings are very good reflectors due to their shape.

Towns often lined up N-S / E-W creating a cardinal effect.

40
Q

Review Questions

Why doesn’t hail show on the radar?

A

It is made out of ice which is a poor reflector unless coated in liquid water.

41
Q

Review Questions

What are the distance rules for avoiding storm clouds?

A

5 NM below freezing level

10 NM above freezing level

20 NM above 30 000’

Aircraft Systems (19 decks)

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