Arthrology Flashcards
What is the term used to identify the study of joints
Arthrology
What term is used to identify the study of ligaments
syndesmology
What are the three histological classifications of joints
fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial fluid
What are the tree classifications of joints based on movement potential
synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis and diarthrosis
Which classification of synarthrosis implies a bond condition
syndesmosis
What is the classification of a joint held together with cartilage
synchondrosis
What is the classification of a joint formed by a growth condition
symphysis
What is the name given to a condition in which bones are fused together by bone
synostosis
What is the condition in which teeth are abnormally aligned during closure of the mouth
malocclusion
What fibrous connective tissue classically fills the joint space of a syndesmosis
interosseous ligament
What are the classic examples of the less moveable or “fixed” syndesmosis
tibia-fibula shaft articulation, radio-ulnar shaft articulation, coraco-clavicular joint or tympano-stapedial joint
What are the examples of the typical syndesmosis from the vertebral column
most of the ligamentous joints of the vertebral column and ligamentous sacro-iliac joints
What are the characteristics of the (amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis
they are primary cartilage joints, temporary in longevity, composed of hyaline cartilage and form between ossification centers within a cartilage template
What are examples of temporary cartilage joints
metaphysis, neuro-central joint, neural-arch joint and chondrocranium
What are examples of a permanent (amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis
costochondral joints or the first sternochondral joint
Which cartilage joint classification would be considered secondary
(amphiarthrosis) symphisis
What type of cartilage is characteristic of the (amphiarthrosis) symphisis
fibrocartilage or fibrous cartilage
What are the characteristics of a (amphiarthrosis) symphisis
limited motion, median plane location, support ligaments both anterior and posterior to the joint, more permanent in longevity than synchondrosis and they occur between bones developing by endochondral ossification
What are the classic examples of a (amphiarthrosis) symphisis
intervertebral disc, pubic symphysis, sternal symphyses and symphysis menti
Which example of a (amphiarthrosis) symphysis is temporary
symphysis menti
What are the four consistent features of synovial (diarthrosis) joints
articular or fibrous capsule, synovial membrane, articular cartilage and synovial fluid
Thickening of the fibrous capsule connective tissue will form the
Capsular ligament
What generic accessory ligaments may accompany and support the capsular ligamnet
intracapsular and extracapsular ligaments
What are the characteristics of the type 1 articular receptors
located in the superficial layer of the fibrous capsule, resemble Ruffini endings, most numerous in cervical zygapophyses and they monitor the joint “at rest”
What are the characteristics of type two articular receptors
located in deeper strata of the fibrous capsule, resemble Pacinian corpuscles, most numerous in the cervical spine and monitor the joint during normal range of motion
What are the characteristics of type three articular receptors
present in collateral and intrinsic ligaments, resemble Golgi tendon organs not initially observed along the vertebral column and monitor extreme jonint motion
What is the function of type four articular receptors
nociceptive, the monitor pain
Type four A articular receptors would be present in what locations
Fibrous capsule, articular fat pads or adventitia of blood vessels
Type four B articular receptors would be present in what locations
accessory ligaments in general, dense in the Posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine
type four articular receptors would be absent in what part(s) of the synovial (diarthrosis) joint
synovial membrane articular cartilage and synovial menisci or intra-articular discs
What are the three modifications of articular synovial membrane
1) synovial villi
2) articular fat pads or Haversian glands
3) synovial menisci and intra-articular discs
What is the generic function of modifications of articular synovial membrane
aid in spreading synovial fluid
What is the apparent function of synovial villi
increase the surface of synovial membrane available for secretion-absorbtion phenomena
Where are the articular fat pads located
in the fibrous layer of synovial membrane; they are absent from articular cartilage, synovial menisci, intraarticular disc
Articular fat pads are most numerous in what locations along the vertebral column
lumbar zygapophyses
Intra-articular discs are a feature of what joint examples
temporomandibular, sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular and radio-ulnar joints
Synovial menisci are a feature of what joint examples
femur-tibia articulations, cervical zygapophyses and lumbar zygapophyses
What are the layers of the synovial membrace
outer fibrous layer and an inner (lumenal) cellular layer AKA synovial lamina intima
What are the specific functions of type A synovial cells
are phagocytic
What is the specific function of type B synovial cells
secrete proteinaceous substances and hyaluronic acid
What are the primary constituents of articular cartilage
water, cells, collagen type 2 fibers and proteoglycan gel
What is the primary function of bound glycosaminoglycans in articular cartilage
form a network for water retention
