Arousal

Question 1

Arousal

Answer 1

An energised state, redlines to perform
Around all is present before during and after sport in varying levels, correct levels can push you to peak performance, too little or too much can cause huge problems.

Question 2

Drive theory

Answer 2

Hull (1943)

• initial motivation causes increased drive, more effort, more success and a repetition of the same response.
• Increased in a linear fashion
• P = f(D x H)

Question 3

The dominant response

Answer 3

At high levels of arousal we pick up less information (attentional narrowing) and focus on the dominant response.

• if the task is simple and the performer is an expert, the response will be correct
• if the task is complex and the performer is a novice, then the performance may be impaired.

Question 4

The inverted U theory

Answer 4

• increased arousal improves performance bur only to a moderate level, after which more arousal causes performance to suffer
• under and over arousal can be equally detrimental to performance
• sates that the optimal point of arousal is moderate
• ## critics question if optimal arousal always occurs at the middle point

Question 5

Catastrophe theory

Answer 5

• an adaptation of the inverted u theory
• ## increased arousal improves performance top a point but an intense combination of somatic (muscular tension, increased HR) and cognitive (loss of concentration, fear about performance) anxieties can cause dramatic deterioration in performance

Question 6

Impacts of under arousal

Answer 6

• poor / selective attention
• lack of focus
• ringleman effect
• attention wastage
• attentional narrowing

Question 7

Impacts of over arousal

Answer 7

• poor / selective attention
• lack of focus
• attentional narrowing
• failed to reach zone of optimal functioning
• violence

Question 8

Attentional wastage

Answer 8

Performers concentration is misdirected to irrelevant cues, can damage performance especially in novices

Question 9

Attentional narrowing

Answer 9

Occurs when a performer is arouse so they focus on certain cues and ignores others
Linked to dominant response

Question 10

Social loafing

Answer 10

Individual loss of motivation in a team player due to lack of performance identification when efforts aren’t recognised

Question 11

Ringleman effect

Answer 11

When teams performance decreases with group size

Question 12

Zone of optimal functioning

Answer 12

• Area of controlled arousal and high level performance
• according to Hannibal, athletes perform best not at a point (inverted u theory) but in an area or zone that is reached by advanced cognitive techniques such as imagery or visualisation
• zone is a an adapted version of the inverted u theory