Aristotle

Question 1

what question did aristotle try to answer

Answer 1

How do we explain change?

Question 2

what main ideas did aristotle come up with

Answer 2

• formal logic
• syllogism
• 4 causes
• potentiality/actuality
• substance
• soul
• 2 ends
• virtues

Question 3

what is formal logic?

Answer 3

an oragon (tool that helps acheive thoughts more dependably) in order to argue well

Question 4

what makes up formal logic?

Answer 4

the categories- divided into substance and accidents

Question 5

what is a substance?

Answer 5

something that exists on its own, a uniqueness that allows us to exist

Question 6

what are the 9 accidents

Answer 6

1. quality
2. quantity
3. relation
4. place
5. time
6. posture
7. passion
8. action
9. posession

Question 7

how are categories come about?

Answer 7

derived from human experience

Question 8

what is an accident?

Answer 8

anything that modifies a substance

Question 9

what is quality

Answer 9

anything that doesn’t fit other accidents

Question 10

what is quantity and give example

Answer 10

2 types: measurement or counting (discrete/continuous)

eg. tree=20ft, 20 trees

Question 11

what is relation and give example

Answer 11

relation/connection between 2 substances

eg. tree gives shelter to humans

Question 12

what is place and give example

Answer 12

anything spatial

eg. tree is by river

Question 13

what is time and give example

Answer 13

period that has passed

eg. tree has grown for 20 years

Question 14

what is posture and give example

Answer 14

certain positions; if postures isn’t normal = deeper message

eg. tree upright vs. on the ground

Question 15

what is passion and give example

Answer 15

what is done to a substance

eg. tree cut down

Question 16

what is action and give example

Answer 16

something a substance can do

eg. tree provides oxygen

Question 17

what is possesion and give example

Answer 17

owning something substances can have that can be significant

eg. trees have wood, leaves

Question 18

What is an argument?

Answer 18

arguing a position to reach conclusion

Question 19

what is a syllogism?

Answer 19

using a 2 premise (using reason and support) to reach a conclusion

Question 20

what are 2 requirements for a good argument

Answer 20

content and validity

Question 21

what is content?

Answer 21

content that has to be good and true that correspond with things -> making premises to be true

Question 22

what is validity?

Answer 22

if premises actually lead to a conclusion (think structure of an argument)

Question 23

What is a substance made of?

Answer 23

matter: distinguished beings with same form
form: makes something to be a substance

Question 24

what are the types of substance?

Answer 24

natural (tree,dog,human) and artifact-something made up of things that already exist (desk, chair, etc)

Question 25

what is matter related to

Answer 25

body

Question 26

what is form related to

Answer 26

soul

Question 27

what are the 4 causes answering

Answer 27

how to come up with fundamental idea

Question 28

what are the 4 questions and their causes

Answer 28

1) what is ___ -> formal cause 2) what is ___ made of -> material cause 3) who/what made ____? -> efficient cause 4) for what is ___ (purpose)? -> final cause

Question 29

how do we explain change?

Answer 29

moving from potentiality and actuality

Question 30

what is potentiality?

Answer 30

ability to do something/to become something else; in order to have potential need to already have actuality

Question 31

what is actuality?

Answer 31

the way things fundamentally are; what we know we are makes us capable based off of actuality; what's ready there

Question 32

how do potentiality and actuality relate to matter and form?

Answer 32

``` potentiality = matter -> retains same matter underneath actuality = form -> changes ```

Question 33

are there different types of change?

Answer 33

yes

Question 34

what are the 2 types of change?

Answer 34

accidental and substantial

Question 35

what are accidental changes?

Answer 35

allowing substance that already exists to be modified, but stays same through experience eg. getting haircut

Question 36

what are substantial changes?

Answer 36

a change where form is different from beginning to end eg. tree -> burns to ashes Na Cl -> salt

Question 37

how does change look with potentiality and actuality?

Answer 37

potentiality -> (influences) actuality | -> this change affects new potentiality

Question 38

what are the different types of soul?

Answer 38

1. Rational 2. Sensitive 3. Vegitative

Question 39

What is a vegitative soul?

Answer 39

no sense/respond naturally | eg. plants

Question 40

what is a sensitive soul

Answer 40

of using senses/more of reacting instinctively | eg. animals

Question 41

what is a rational soul

Answer 41

can think through senses, and curb instincts AKA reason | eg. humans

Question 42

according to Aristotle, what are humans and why?

Answer 42

rational animals | bc have potential to reason -> have actuality to learn THEREFORE LEARNING IS A PROCESS OF CHANGE

Question 43

What are the 2 ends according to aristotle

Answer 43

the 2) instrumental and 1) intrinsic end

Question 44

what is the intrinsic end?

Answer 44

the will of the good for others and vice versa -> good for own sake

Question 45

what is the instrumental end?

Answer 45

using something to achieve something else

Question 46

what is the ultimate end of human life?

Answer 46

happiness, an intrinsic end that actualizes potential

Question 47

what is a virtue?

Answer 47

perfection of some ability we have and do it consistently, practice -> perfect -> becomes a virtue; part of soul and part of human

Question 48

what is meant by a golden mean?

Answer 48

not too much and not little, balance of something, temperance

Question 49

what is a vice?

Answer 49

something bad that only takes once to make a character, but not defining attribute