Arguments for Market Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

What are negative externalities?

A

Unregulated markets fail to internalize external costs, leading to overproduction of harmful goods

Example: Pollution from industries

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2
Q

What is a market-based regulation aimed at correcting negative externalities?

A

Carbon taxes (Pigovian taxation) or cap-and-trade systems

Example: EU Emissions Trading Scheme

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3
Q

What historical event prompted the 1956 Clean Air Act in the UK?

A

The Great Smog of London (1952)

This event killed thousands due to unregulated coal burning

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4
Q

What contemporary example illustrates an effort to curb emissions?

A

China’s implementation of a carbon pricing system in 2021

China is the world’s largest polluter

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5
Q

What are critics’ concerns regarding China’s carbon pricing system?

A

Weak enforcement and firms evading strict compliance

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6
Q

What is regulatory capture?

A

When firms influence regulators to create favorable policies

This can be an unintended consequence of regulation

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7
Q

What is a potential risk of regulation addressing externalities?

A

Increased business costs leading to job losses

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8
Q

What are public goods?

A

Public goods are non-excludable and non-rivalrous

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9
Q

Why are public goods underprovided in a free market?

A

Firms lack profit incentives to supply them

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10
Q

How do governments ensure the provision of public goods?

A

Through taxation

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11
Q

What is an example of a public good in the UK?

A

The UK’s National Health Service (NHS)

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12
Q

What issue does the NHS address?

A

Market failure in healthcare provision

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13
Q

What problems have arisen from the underfunding of the NHS?

A

Long waiting times and declining service quality

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14
Q

What alternative approach to public goods provision is mentioned?

A

Germany’s social insurance model

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15
Q

What does Germany’s social insurance model combine?

A

Private provision with government-mandated coverage

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16
Q

What are some potential downsides of excessive state involvement in public goods provision?

A

Inefficiency, bureaucracy, and fiscal pressures

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17
Q

Fill in the blank: Public goods are _______ and _______.

A

non-excludable and non-rivalrous

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18
Q

True or False: Public goods can be provided profitably by private firms.

A

False

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19
Q

What fiscal pressure is mentioned regarding public goods in the UK?

A

Rising healthcare costs

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20
Q

What is the impact of market concentration?

A

Leads to price-gouging, reduced innovation, and consumer exploitation

Market concentration occurs when a small number of firms control a large share of the market.

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21
Q

What is the purpose of antitrust regulation?

A

Prevents firms from becoming too dominant

Antitrust laws are designed to promote competition and prevent monopolies.

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22
Q

What was the historical example of antitrust regulation in the US?

A

The 1890 Sherman Antitrust Act

This act was significant in breaking up monopolies like Standard Oil.

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23
Q

What was the outcome of the 2018 EU fine against Google?

A

Google was fined €4.3 billion for abusing its market dominance in mobile search

This action aimed to ensure fairer competition in the market.

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24
Q

What are potential downsides of excessive regulation?

A

Can stifle economies of scale, reduce incentives for innovation, and create regulatory uncertainty

Balancing regulation is crucial to foster a healthy business environment.

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25
Q

What is asymmetric information?

A

Consumers often lack full knowledge about products

This can include financial products and food safety.

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26
Q

What role does regulation play in asymmetric information?

A

Regulation ensures transparency

This aims to provide consumers with better knowledge about products.

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27
Q

What was the purpose of the 2010 Dodd-Frank Act in the US?

A

To increase financial market transparency after the 2008 financial crisis

This act was a response to the issues revealed during the crisis.

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28
Q

What alternative approach do some advocate instead of strict regulation?

A

Consumer education

This perspective suggests that education empowers consumers rather than imposing regulations.

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29
Q

True or False: Excessive regulation can slow down economic activity.

A

True

Excessive bureaucracy may limit consumer choice and market dynamism.

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30
Q

What is a potential downside of regulation in the context of asymmetric information?

A

It can slow down economic activity and limit consumer choice

This is a concern raised by critics of too much regulation.

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31
Q

Fill in the blank: Regulation increases consumer _______.

A

trust

This trust is crucial for a functioning market.

32
Q

What is the primary goal of government oversight in consumer protection?

A

To ensure product safety, prevent fraud, and mandate truth in advertising.

33
Q

What agency was established in the UK after the 1996 BSE crisis?

A

Food Standards Agency (FSA)

34
Q

What contemporary issue highlights the need for digital consumer protection?

A

Social media influencers promoting unregulated financial schemes (e.g., crypto scams)

35
Q

True or False: Excessive regulation in consumer protection can discourage small businesses.

36
Q

Fill in the blank: The UK’s Food Standards Agency was established to restore public confidence in _______.

A

food safety

37
Q

What is a potential negative effect of excessive regulation on consumers?

A

It can raise costs for consumers.

38
Q

What do Labour Protection Regulations prevent?

A

Worker exploitation and ensure fair wages and safe working conditions

These regulations are designed to protect the rights and wellbeing of workers in various industries.

39
Q

What historical legislation limited child labor in the UK?

A

The Factory Acts (19th century)

These acts were significant in improving working conditions during the industrial revolution.

40
Q

What is the purpose of the UK’s 2016 Modern Slavery Act?

A

To combat forced labor in supply chains

The Act aims to increase transparency and accountability in businesses regarding labor practices.

41
Q

What issue was highlighted by the Boohoo sweatshop scandal in 2020?

A

Weak enforcement of labor regulations

The scandal revealed significant issues with labor conditions despite existing regulations.

42
Q

What is a potential negative effect of overly strict labour regulations?

A

Reduction in employment due to increased business costs

High minimum wages and strict rules can lead businesses to hire fewer workers.

43
Q

What often precedes economic crises?

A

Financial deregulation

Financial deregulation can lead to instability in the economy.

44
Q

What is the role of regulations in the financial sector?

A

Ensure stability

Regulations are designed to create a stable financial environment.

45
Q

What crisis resulted from lax oversight of subprime mortgage lending?

A

2008 global financial crisis

The 2008 crisis was a significant event that highlighted the dangers of insufficient regulation.

46
Q

What was a response to the 2008 financial crisis?

A

Basel III capital requirements

Basel III aimed to prevent excessive risk-taking by financial institutions.

47
Q

What alternative view exists regarding financial regulation?

A

Overregulation can limit credit availability and slow economic growth

Some believe that too many restrictions can hinder economic progress.

48
Q

What must financial regulation balance?

A

Stability with financial market efficiency

Effective regulation should not compromise the efficiency of financial markets.

49
Q

What is moral hazard in the context of firms and bailouts?

A

Firms may take excessive risks if they believe they will be bailed out

50
Q

How does regulation relate to moral hazard?

A

Regulation prevents firms from taking excessive risks due to the expectation of bailouts

51
Q

What was a significant example of a government bailout in 2008?

A

The UK government’s bailout of RBS and Lloyds Bank

52
Q

What criticism arose from the 2008 UK government bailout?

A

It led to criticism of moral hazard

53
Q

What is an alternative approach to bailouts?

A

‘Bail-ins’ where investors bear the cost of financial failures instead of taxpayers

54
Q

What are the potential consequences of bailouts for firms?

A

They create perverse incentives for firms to take reckless risks

55
Q

True or False: Bailouts protect economies but do not affect firm behavior.

56
Q

Fill in the blank: Regulation prevents excessive risks by firms due to the expectation of _______.

57
Q

What is the main evaluation point regarding bailouts?

A

While they protect economies, they encourage reckless firm behavior

58
Q

What do market economies create and what issue do they also widen?

A

Wealth and inequalities

59
Q

How does regulation help in wealth redistribution?

A

Through taxation and social programs

60
Q

What is an example of a system that funds public services through taxation?

A

The UK’s progressive tax system

61
Q

What limits the effectiveness of the UK’s progressive tax system?

A

Tax avoidance by multinational corporations

62
Q

Name two multinational corporations mentioned that engage in tax avoidance.

A
  • Amazon
  • Google
63
Q

What do critics argue excessive taxation reduces?

A

Incentives for investment and economic growth

64
Q

What are the two main effects of redistribution mentioned?

A
  • Reduces poverty
  • May drive capital flight
65
Q

True or False: Overly high taxes can discourage entrepreneurship.

66
Q

Fill in the blank: Regulation helps redistribute wealth through _______.

A

[taxation and social programs]

67
Q

What is the main argument of Joseph Stiglitz regarding free markets?

A

Free markets are inefficient when information is imperfect.

This highlights the need for intervention to address market failures.

68
Q

What is a key idea presented by Stiglitz about market failures?

A

Market failures, especially in financial markets, require strong oversight to prevent crises.

This suggests that without oversight, markets can lead to significant economic issues.

69
Q

What example does Stiglitz provide to support his argument?

A

Advocated for stronger financial regulations post-2008 to prevent reckless lending and speculation.

This example underscores the necessity of regulatory measures following financial crises.

70
Q

True or False: According to Stiglitz, markets can always produce efficient and fair outcomes.

A

False.

Stiglitz emphasizes that markets often fail without proper regulation.

71
Q

Fill in the blank: ‘Markets, by themselves, often fail to produce _______ or fair outcomes.’

A

[efficient]

This quote from Stiglitz encapsulates his view on market limitations.

72
Q

What is the primary purpose of market regulation?

A

To correct failures, protect consumers, and ensure stability

Market regulation aims to address issues that arise in unregulated markets, such as monopolies and information asymmetry.

73
Q

What are potential downsides of poorly designed market regulation?

A

Inefficiency, excessive costs, and reduced competition

Poor regulation can lead to market distortions that harm rather than help economic conditions.

74
Q

Why is a dynamic balance between state intervention and free market mechanisms important?

A

To ensure economic growth alongside social welfare

Striking this balance helps maintain a healthy economy while also addressing the needs of society.

75
Q

Fill in the blank: Market regulation must be carefully designed to avoid _______.

A

[inefficiency, excessive costs, and reduced competition]

76
Q

True or False: Market regulation is unnecessary if a market is functioning efficiently.

A

False

Even efficient markets can experience failures that require regulation to correct.