Arguments Based On Observation

Question 1

Aquinas’ fifth way

Answer 1

telos
final cause
will of God
evolution

Question 2

Paley’s design argument

Answer 2

mechanical model
the eye
The order and harmony
natural causes
intricate system

a watchmaker
designed the world and left or some other explanation.

Question 3

David Hume

Answer 3

Aptness of analogy:
parts working together
cabbage
cabbage maker

Epicurean thesis:
infinite time
every possible combination
stable
randomly within that infinite time

Argument from effect to cause:
effect to a thing greater than needed to produce the cause
limited world
infant deity or a group of Gods

Question 4

John Stuart Mill

Answer 4

evil
flawed,
perfect world,
Natural evil
leaky boat.
‘leads to a God which is not more a source of good than a source of evil’

Question 5

Darwin

Answer 5

natural selection
generations of survival of the fittest,
adapt
wasteful and imperfect.

Question 6

F.R. Tennant and the anthropic principle

Answer 6

made so perfectly
incredibly large
vast universe

tiny dot
proof for design
human inhabitants

Question 7

Richard Swinburne and simplicity

Answer 7

so few elements
Swinburne
ockham’s razor

Question 8

Aquinas’ cosmological argument

Answer 8

Prime mover:
cannot move themselves,
infinite regress

First cause:
must be caused.
infinite regress
first cause (God).

Necessity and contingency:
exist or not
must be necessary to be the source of contingency (God).

Appeal to imagination:
problem of infinite regress
cause and effect
impossible

Question 9

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and sufficient reason

Answer 9

reason,
explanation.
external reason (cause) for everything here existing and it is God.

Question 10

A logical fallacy?

Answer 10

fallacy of composition
Russell and Hume. It
does not follow through.
human has a mother