Argument & Scholarship

Question 1

Plato Aristotele Socrates

Answer 1

1. Socrates (470-399 bce)
2. Plato (428/7 - 348/7 bce)
3. Aristotle (384-322 bce)

Question 2

Plato

Answer 2

• Wrote a lot
• Wrote dialogues btwn Socrates and others
• Earlier dialogues = Socrates as Socrates
Later dialogues = Socrates as Platos Mouthpiece

Question 3

Aristotele

Answer 3

• Less finished work than Plato
Mainly notes from his students

Question 4

Sophists vs Socrates

Answer 4

• Sophists Taught how to win arguments, regardless of truth

• Socrates sees argument as a way to truth

Question 5

Socrates stands for

Answer 5

Belief that there is a truth to be found and reasoned argument is a good route to find it

Question 6

Platonic Picture of a good leader

Answer 6

Someone who seeks truth in order to lead well

Question 7

Socratic Argument today

Answer 7

1. Legal systems
2. Parliamentary discussion
3. Competitive debating
4. The peer-review system in academia
5. The notion of a marketplace of ideas
6. Any form of constructive, critical discussion

Question 8

Deductive Logic

Answer 8

Start with certain number of premises and apply valid logical rules to pull out implications of the premises

Question 9

Inductive Logic

Answer 9

Observe small number of samples, notice pattern and generalize this pattern holds in all cases. Some=All

Question 10

Abductive Logic

Answer 10

Special form of induction, deciding what the best explanation for a situation would be

Cannot be sure of this explanation

Question 11

Valid Argument

Answer 11

Applies good logic

Question 12

Invalid Argument

Answer 12

Makes logical mistake

Question 13

Sound Argument

Answer 13

Combines valid argument with true premises

** Valid deductive logic produces a guaranteed true conclusion

Question 14

Unsound Argument

Answer 14

Either false premises or makes logical mistake

Question 15

Syllogism

Answer 15

Minor premise —> Major premise —> Conclusion

Question 16

Fallacy

Answer 16

Logical mistake

Question 17

Modern Logic

Answer 17

If-Then statement

Question 18

Conditional Statement

Answer 18

If X, then Y

Question 19

Exclusive-or vs Inclusive-or

Answer 19

• Exlusive-or —> Either X or Y
•Inclusive-or —> Either X, or Y, or Both

Question 20

IMRaD

Answer 20

Introduction
Methods
Results
and
Discussion

Question 21

Analogy

Answer 21

Comparison btwn one thing and another to explain or clarify

Simile, Methaphor, Allegory, Exemplication

Question 22

Simile

Answer 22

X is simmilar to Y

Question 23

Metaphor

Answer 23

X is Y

Question 24

Metonomy and Synecdoche

Answer 24

• Metonomy Referring to something closely related to it

• Synecdoche form of Metonomy, when it’s actually part of the whole

Question 25

Allegory

Answer 25

Story / Poem / Picture which reveals hidden meaning. Meaning is created by literal elements and have parallel symbolic meanings

Question 26

SVO

Answer 26

• Subject Noun • Main Verb • Object Noun

Question 27

Independent vs Dependent Clauses

Answer 27

• **Independent** clause could stand alone as a sentence • **Dependent** could not stand alone as a sentence

Question 28

Restrictive Relative Pronoun / Adjective

Answer 28

Necessary to fully identify relevant noun • Does Not have Commas

Question 29

Non-Restrictive Relative Pronoun

Answer 29

Offers extra information, not necessary • Does have commas

Question 30

Why and When

Answer 30

• Why can only be restrictive • When can be both, but sounds informal

Question 31

Plato, Republic

Answer 31

1. City run by Philosopher-Kings

Question 32

Philosopher-Kings

Answer 32

1. Have real knowledge 2. Know the best for the city 3. Everyone agrees with them 4. Their rule is always unselfish 5. Are themselves members of public 6. Too wise to be corrupted 7. Only rule for short period 8. They choose which citizens should become parents at sex festivals

Question 33

Sex Festivals and Communal Nurseries

Answer 33

Work to remove families and close personal ties Everyone has same knowledge and education, so personal ties shouldn’t make difference

Question 34

Plato and Democracy

Answer 34

Plato mistrusts democracy. Allowing citizens to participate too fully in the city life is dangerous

Question 35

Plato and Art

Answer 35

Plato does not like Art. Art moves us far away from the truth

Question 36

How Aristocracy decays to Tyranny

Answer 36

1. **Aristocracy** -rule by the excellent 2. **Timocracy** - rule by the honorable 3. **Oligarchy** - rule by few {plutocracy-rule by rich} 4. **Democracy** - rule by people 5. **Tyranny**

Question 37

Plato and Health

Answer 37

Health is important for Plato’s overall conception of human wellbeing

Question 38

Sake of Honour

Answer 38

- do something cuz it is right - do something to be honored

Question 39

Plato Belief

Answer 39

Education is equal to all

Question 40

Bronze, Silver, Gold

Answer 40

Bronze ppl - Almost everyone Silver ppl - Soldiers Gold ppl - Philosopher Kings

Question 41

Gyges Ring

Answer 41

We behave well out if fear of punishment

Question 42

Society ( Plato and Socrates )

Answer 42

- place for each individual in society - if individuals are well-balanced and satisfied with life, society will also be well balanced

Question 43

Virtue

Answer 43

General human functions of seeking knowledge and behaving ethically

Question 44

Allegory of the Cave

Answer 44

Seeing is not always true We only have a skewed view on the world and do not take into account what we may not know

Question 45

Socratic Method (Dialectic Method)

Answer 45

Teaching by using Greek philosopher Socrates. Question to Answer format

Question 46

Socratic Transformation

Answer 46

From scientific questions to humanistic questions

Question 47

Solon

Answer 47

- early greek leader - emblematic figure as statesman and lawgiver

Question 48

Socrates

Answer 48

- tended to butthole ppl in agora, discussed philosophical issues with them

Question 49

Thesis Statement

Answer 49

A short statement (1 sentance) that summarizes main point or claim of an essay/research paper and is developed in the text by means if examples and evidence Answer to a research question

Question 50

Purpose of literature review

Answer 50

- gain an understanding of the existing research - present knowledge in the form of a written report - build your knowledge in your field