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IRPH > Argument & Scholarship > Flashcards

Argument & Scholarship Flashcards

1
Q

Plato Aristotele Socrates

A
  1. Socrates (470-399 bce)
  2. Plato (428/7 - 348/7 bce)
  3. Aristotle (384-322 bce)
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2
Q

Plato

A

• Wrote a lot
• Wrote dialogues btwn Socrates and others
• Earlier dialogues = Socrates as Socrates
Later dialogues = Socrates as Platos Mouthpiece

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3
Q

Aristotele

A

• Less finished work than Plato
Mainly notes from his students

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4
Q

Sophists vs Socrates

A

• Sophists Taught how to win arguments, regardless of truth

• Socrates sees argument as a way to truth

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5
Q

Socrates stands for

A

Belief that there is a truth to be found and reasoned argument is a good route to find it

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6
Q

Platonic Picture of a good leader

A

Someone who seeks truth in order to lead well

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7
Q

Socratic Argument today

A
  1. Legal systems
  2. Parliamentary discussion
  3. Competitive debating
  4. The peer-review system in academia
  5. The notion of a marketplace of ideas
  6. Any form of constructive, critical discussion
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8
Q

Deductive Logic

A

Start with certain number of premises and apply valid logical rules to pull out implications of the premises

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9
Q

Inductive Logic

A

Observe small number of samples, notice pattern and generalize this pattern holds in all cases. Some=All

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10
Q

Abductive Logic

A

Special form of induction, deciding what the best explanation for a situation would be

Cannot be sure of this explanation

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11
Q

Valid Argument

A

Applies good logic

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12
Q

Invalid Argument

A

Makes logical mistake

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13
Q

Sound Argument

A

Combines valid argument with true premises

** Valid deductive logic produces a guaranteed true conclusion

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14
Q

Unsound Argument

A

Either false premises or makes logical mistake

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15
Q

Syllogism

A

Minor premise —> Major premise —> Conclusion

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16
Q

Fallacy

A

Logical mistake

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17
Q

Modern Logic

A

If-Then statement

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18
Q

Conditional Statement

A

If X, then Y

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19
Q

Exclusive-or vs Inclusive-or

A

• Exlusive-or —> Either X or Y
•Inclusive-or —> Either X, or Y, or Both

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20
Q

IMRaD

A

Introduction
Methods
Results
and
Discussion

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21
Q

Analogy

A

Comparison btwn one thing and another to explain or clarify

Simile, Methaphor, Allegory, Exemplication

22
Q

Simile

A

X is simmilar to Y

23
Q

Metaphor

A

X is Y

24
Q

Metonomy and Synecdoche

A

• Metonomy Referring to something closely related to it

• Synecdoche form of Metonomy, when it’s actually part of the whole

25
Q

Allegory

A

Story / Poem / Picture which reveals hidden meaning. Meaning is created by literal elements and have parallel symbolic meanings

26
Q

SVO

A

• Subject Noun

• Main Verb

• Object Noun

27
Q

Independent vs Dependent Clauses

A

• Independent clause could stand alone as a sentence

• Dependent could not stand alone as a sentence

28
Q

Restrictive Relative Pronoun / Adjective

A

Necessary to fully identify relevant noun
• Does Not have Commas

29
Q

Non-Restrictive Relative Pronoun

A

Offers extra information, not necessary
• Does have commas

30
Q

Why and When

A

• Why can only be restrictive

• When can be both, but sounds informal

31
Q

Plato, Republic

A
  1. City run by Philosopher-Kings
32
Q

Philosopher-Kings

A
  1. Have real knowledge
  2. Know the best for the city
  3. Everyone agrees with them
  4. Their rule is always unselfish
  5. Are themselves members of public
  6. Too wise to be corrupted
  7. Only rule for short period
  8. They choose which citizens should become parents at sex festivals
33
Q

Sex Festivals and Communal Nurseries

A

Work to remove families and close personal ties

Everyone has same knowledge and education, so personal ties shouldn’t make difference

34
Q

Plato and Democracy

A

Plato mistrusts democracy. Allowing citizens to participate too fully in the city life is dangerous

35
Q

Plato and Art

A

Plato does not like Art. Art moves us far away from the truth

36
Q

How Aristocracy decays to Tyranny

A
  1. Aristocracy -rule by the excellent
  2. Timocracy - rule by the honorable
  3. Oligarchy - rule by few {plutocracy-rule by rich}
  4. Democracy - rule by people
  5. Tyranny
37
Q

Plato and Health

A

Health is important for Plato’s overall conception of human wellbeing

38
Q

Sake of Honour

A
  • do something cuz it is right
  • do something to be honored
39
Q

Plato Belief

A

Education is equal to all

40
Q

Bronze, Silver, Gold

A

Bronze ppl - Almost everyone
Silver ppl - Soldiers
Gold ppl - Philosopher Kings

41
Q

Gyges Ring

A

We behave well out if fear of punishment

42
Q

Society ( Plato and Socrates )

A
  • place for each individual in society
  • if individuals are well-balanced and satisfied with life, society will also be well balanced
43
Q

Virtue

A

General human functions of seeking knowledge and behaving ethically

44
Q

Allegory of the Cave

A

Seeing is not always true

We only have a skewed view on the world and do not take into account what we may not know

45
Q

Socratic Method (Dialectic Method)

A

Teaching by using Greek philosopher Socrates.

Question to Answer format

46
Q

Socratic Transformation

A

From scientific questions to humanistic questions

47
Q

Solon

A
  • early greek leader
  • emblematic figure as statesman and lawgiver
48
Q

Socrates

A
  • tended to butthole ppl in agora, discussed philosophical issues with them
49
Q

Thesis Statement

A

A short statement (1 sentance) that summarizes main point or claim of an essay/research paper and is developed in the text by means if examples and evidence

Answer to a research question

50
Q

Purpose of literature review

A
  • gain an understanding of the existing research
  • present knowledge in the form of a written report
  • build your knowledge in your field

IRPH (18 decks)

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