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AICP Prep > Areas of Practice > Flashcards

Areas of Practice Flashcards

1
Q

Fiscal Impact Analysis

A

Cost-revenue analysis. Used to estimate cost and revenue of development for local government. Can be done for development projects or land use decisions.

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2
Q

Fiscal Impact Analysis: Average Per Capita Method

A

(Local budget / existing population) * expected new population of development

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3
Q

Fiscal Impact Analysis: Adjusted Per Capita Method

A

Similar to average method but adjusts expectations for new development

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4
Q

Fiscal Impact Analysis: Disaggregated Per Capita Method

A

Estimates costs & revenue based on major land uses

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5
Q

Fiscal Impact Analysis: Dynamic Method

A

Applies stats to time-series data (i.e. sales tax generated by grocery store applied to new development)

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6
Q

Standard Zoning Enabling Act (1924 & 1926 revision)

A

Said zoning code must be in line with comp plan

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7
Q

Comprehensive Plan

A

Not defined but most states require local gov to have one. Tribal governments too.

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8
Q

Platting

A

Sub-division of land. Dates back to 1660.

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9
Q

Subdivision

A

Division of land in 2+ parcels. Can include minimum acreage requirements.

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10
Q

Plat

A

Map of a tract or parcel of land.

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11
Q

Replat

A

Allows for lots to be further subdivided or added back together.

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12
Q

Amending Plat

A

Corrects errors or adds additional information to plan.

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13
Q

Vacating Plat

A

Allows for plat to be terminated prior to selling of lots.

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14
Q

Preliminary Plat

A

To-scale drawing of topography showing location of lots, streets, drainage, facilities, etc.

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15
Q

Final Plat

A

Approved preliminary plat with all notation, dedications, easements, approvals, etc.

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16
Q

Extraterritorial Jurisdiction (ETJ)

A

Area outside of city limits where subdivision regulations apply.

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17
Q

Performance Bond

A

Agreement between property owner and community to ensure plat built as shown. Government can use bond to develop improvements if developer fails to meet requirements.

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18
Q

Dedications

A

Gifts of land for public purposes

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19
Q

Impact Fees

A

Charged for off-site infrastructure needed to provide service to development

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20
Q

Subdivision Bonuses

A

Extension of development benefits - i.e. impact fees waived, density bonuses, etc.

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21
Q

Subdivision Bonuses

A

Extension of development benefits - i.e. impact fees waived, density bonuses, etc.

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22
Q

Zoning

A

Separation of land uses or functions into zones.

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23
Q

Roles: Staff

A

Reports to Planning/Zoning Commission

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24
Q

Roles: Planning/Zoning Commission

A

Issues a recommendation regarding zoning matters to City Council

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25
Q

Board of Appeals/Adjustment

A

Hears cases for variances, special exceptions, zoning ordinance appeals

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26
Q

City Council

A

Makes final determination on zoning issues

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27
Q

Zoning Text Amendment

A

Changes requirements for all properties in that zone.

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28
Q

Zoning Map Amendment

A

Changes zoning district on particular property.

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29
Q

Euclidean Zoning

A

(Euclid, OH) Places protective restrictions on residential land, less on commercial, virtually none on industrial

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30
Q

Cumulative Zoning

A

Each successive district allows uses from previous zone

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31
Q

Modified Cumulative Zoning

A

Districts are cumulative by land use but more restrictive than cumulative zoning.

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32
Q

Permitted Use

A

Allowed use without permission from city

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33
Q

Conditional Use

A

Must ask city - allowed use if it is compatible with surrounding uses

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34
Q

Nonconforming

A

Typically property uses that existed before the code - grandfathered in

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35
Q

Accessory Use

A

Incidental to main use of property (i.e. storage, garage apartment, etc.)

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36
Q

Planned Unit Development

A

Large development with mix of uses. In exchange for flexibility in site design, developer offers amenities, open space, etc.

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37
Q

Overlay Zoning

A

Additional restriction on property (i.e. historic, flood, etc.)

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38
Q

Variance (in general)

A

Change in zoning regulations due to economic or physical hardship

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39
Q

Use Variance

A

Allows property to have use not typically allowed under regulations

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40
Q

Area Variance

A

Allows property to be excluded from site requirements of ordinace

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41
Q

Smart Growth

A

Sustainability planning that provides economic benefits for all

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42
Q

Sustainable Development

A

Balancing human needs with protection of the natural environment so present and future needs can be met.

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43
Q

Triple Bottom Line

A

People, profit, planet. 1994, John Elkington

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44
Q

Carrying Capacity

A

Maximum employment and population a community can sustain. Ian McHarg discussed in Man and Nature

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45
Q

Trip Generation

A

Number of trips a site is likely to generate.

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46
Q

Origin Destination Survery

A

Motorists surveyed in particular area and asked about origin and destination of their trip then mailed a survey.

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47
Q

Cross-Tabulation Models

A

Estimates on trip generation based on land use/socioeconomic factors. (9 trips/1000 SF single family home, 43 trips for/1000 SF shopping)

48
Q

Trip Distribution

A

Divided area into zones - trips between zones calculated

49
Q

Gravity Model

A

Trip estimates based on “attractiveness” of zone

50
Q

Modal Split

A

What mode of transportation to infer how many of each type of vehicle need to get from place to place.

51
Q

Design Hour Volume

A

Capacity of roadway to handle traffic as designed

52
Q

Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT)

A

Measure of mobility - function of topography, density, travel distances, mass transit. High VMT = long distance traveled or more vehicles on road

53
Q

Level of Service (LOS)

A

A = free flow traffic, F = heavy traffic

54
Q

Metropolitan Planning Organization

A

Policy board created to carry out the metropolitan transportation planning process. To meet federal requirements for transportation planning via the Highway Act of 1962.

55
Q

Transportation Improvement Program

A

Lists all projects anticipated to receive federal funding, represents priorities by region.

56
Q

Transit Oriented Development

A

Residential and commercial areas designed to encourage use of transit.

57
Q

Complete Street

A

Safe, accessible, convenient street for all modes of transportation.

58
Q

Adequate Public Facilities Ordinance

A

Allows local governments to deny or delay new developments if existing government services cannot support. Ensures no negative impact on community via new development.

59
Q

Concurrency

A

Requiring infrastructure to be in place and available prior to new deveopment

60
Q

Daylighting

A

Placing windows so natural light illuminates interior during the day

61
Q

Blue Infrastructure

A

Water-based infrastructure (bio-swales, wetlands, etc.)

62
Q

Green Infrastructure

A

Emphasizes the role of the natural environment in land use planning (i.e. reducing and treating stormwater runoff at the source)

63
Q

Telecommunications Planning

A

Access to broadband, etc.

64
Q

Hazard Mitigation

A

Action taken to reduce or eliminate long-term risk to people and property from natural hazards.

65
Q

Adaptation

A

Adjustment of human or natural systems in response to actual or expected effects of climate change.

66
Q

Resilience

A

Ability of a community to return to original form after it has been changed.

67
Q

Substantial Damage

A

Cost of restoring structure > 50% of market value or replacement cost.

68
Q

Substantial Improvement

A

Improvements that cost > 50% of market value.

69
Q

National Flood Insurance Program

A

Voluntary program that encourages floodplain management activities.

70
Q

Multiplier Effect

A

Certain types of jobs drive demand for other jobs.

71
Q

Multipliers

A

Estimate ripple effect of local change in economic activity.

72
Q

Enterprise Zones

A

Geographic areas where companies qualify for corporate income tax credits, property-tax abatements, etc.

73
Q

Context Sensitive Design

A

Flexible development practices that are sensitive to community values.

74
Q

Form-Based Code

A

Regulates development to achieve specific urban form versus conventional zoning which is use over form.

75
Q

New Urbanism

A

Focus on mixed-income, compact, walkable neighborhoods.

76
Q

Transect

A

Development on rural to urban continuum..

77
Q

Tactical Urbanism

A

DIY urbanism - low-cost, temporary changes to demonstrate impact change can have.

78
Q

Transit-Oriented Development

A

Mixed-use development to maximize access to public transit.

79
Q

Public Works Administration (PWA)

A

First federally supported housing program. Created in 1934 after Great Depression to provide public housing (85% of cost).

80
Q

HUD

A

formed from Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965.

81
Q

Pruitt-Igoe

A

Housing in St. Louis 1954-1972. Shift away from high-rise concentrated public housing.

82
Q

Hope VI

A

Grant program for redevelopment of public housing. Mixed income neighborhoods - decentralization of public housing.

83
Q

Sweat Equity

A

Increased value in property earned from labor put towards construction/renovation.

84
Q

Urban Homesteading

A

Encourage residents to occupy and renovate vacant homes.

85
Q

Workforce Housing

A

Subsidized housing for nurses, police officers, teachers, etc.

86
Q

Community Development Banks

A

Operate in low-income areas

87
Q

Colonias

A

Unincorporated subdivisions with little infrastructure. Sold to low-income individuals.

88
Q

Food Deserts

A

Areas that lack access to food.

89
Q

Community Supported Agriculture (CSA)

A

Mechanism for farmers in community sell produce to locals (no middleman).

90
Q

Farm to School

A

Programs that help bring fresh, local farm produce to schools.

91
Q

Food Policy Council

A

Advise state/local government on food issues including policies and practices.

92
Q

Agricultural Land Trust

A

Identifies land that should be preserved and works with local farmers to engage in the trust, typically via conservation easements.

93
Q

Healthy Corner Store Initiative

A

Subsidizes local corner stores in under-served areas to provide healthy alternatives.

94
Q

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System

A

Phone survey at state level to assess risk of adults (i.e. smoking).

95
Q

Health Disparities

A

Incidence of health conditions among different populations (i.e. low birth rate in certain area).

96
Q

Health Impact Assessment

A

Captures consequences of a health policy or action. Can be done for new developments.

97
Q

Corridor Transportation Planning

A

Occurs at regional level, supported by MPO, looks at long-term needs and implementation strategies.

98
Q

National Corridor Planning

A

Conducted by USDOT - “Integrated Corridor Management” for efficient movement of people and integration of existing systems.

99
Q

National Scenic Byways Program

A

Created in 1992, designates and funds enhancements of areas with natural, cultural, historic, scenic significance.

100
Q

Greenway & Blueway Planning

A

Most effective at regional level. About protection of natural resources, economic development opportunities, etc.

101
Q

Greenbelts

A

Undeveloped natural land set aside for open space/recreation.

102
Q

Greenbelt Alliance

A

Anti-sprawl, pro-infill. Helped created 25 urban growth boundaries.

103
Q

National Heritage Areas

A

Cultural, historic resources combine into nationally important landscape.

104
Q

Tourism Corridor Planning

A

Link social, cultural, economic drivers to support tourism.

105
Q

Neighborhood Planning Pioneers

A

Robert Park & E.W. Burgess of the Chicago School - early 1900’s

106
Q

Neighborhood Unit

A

Coined by Clarence Perry - consists of 160 acres (1/2 square mile) with 1/4 mile walk radius, density of 10 units per acre, 5,000 population.

107
Q

Edge City

A

New concentration of businesses outside traditional urban area.

108
Q

Edge City Book

A

Joel Garray - new normal of urban growth. 5M SF, 600K retail, more jobs than beds

109
Q

Face Block

A

Both sides of street for one block.

110
Q

Residential Neighboorhood

A

Cluster of face blocks that are connected.

111
Q

Institutional Neighborhood

A

Several residential neighborhoods plus institution (school, hospital, etc.).

112
Q

Land Base Classification Standards

A 
Yellow = residential
Red = retail
Purple = industrial
Blue = social
113
Q

Metes and Bounds

A

Uses physical features of the local geography, directions and distances, to define a parcel of land.

114
Q

Exactions

A

Requirements a local government places on a developer (land or pay $) for costs of capital improvements needed for public facilities. Condition of development approval..

115
Q

Hybrid Center/Power Town

A

Lifestyle centers (500K SF or less).

116
Q

HOME Program

A

Allocates funding for rehab of low-income housing.

117
Q

National Register of Historic Places

A

1966, run by National Park Service. List of properties deemed worthy of preservation.

AICP Prep (16 decks)

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