Area 3 forensics Flashcards
what must suspects being interviewed must know?
they must be cautioned/ under caution by Code C of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE)
what is the caution in the england given to suspects?
you do no have to say anything but it may harm your defense if you don’t mentioned when questioned something which you may later rely on in court. anything you do say may be given in evidence
how is the caution similar/different in the US?
they are told the 5th ammendent which is the right to remain silent and the right to an attorney even if you cant afford one. shows how it is cross cultural but differs
what is an interview?
like a conversation where the interviewee doesn’t have to reply, no abuse is present and it is non accusatory it assesses the truthfulness and profile someone it is recorded psychologically manipulating,
what is a interregation?
pushy, prying, one sided, accusing them, want to elicit the truth and obtain a confession
how are interviews/ interregations ethnocentric?
there are cultural variations for example in places such as korea and russia there is more interregations than interviews as they are a different culture
what is the reid technique?
interview technique that consists of 9 steps
what are the first 5 steps of the reid technique?
positive confrontation
theme development
handiling denials
overcoming objections
procurement and retention of suspects attention
what are the last 4 steps of the reid technique?
handling suspects passive mood
presenting an alternative question
getting suspect to confess orally
oral confession to written
what does kassin believe about interregations?
suggests that interrogation is a guilt presumptive process. The outcome of the interrogation is measured by gaining a confession. For innocent suspects it is hoped that interrogators recognise this and re evaluate their evidence and beliefs.
what did gudjohnson find about willingness to comply?
found that individuals who score high on self report measures of compliance are more vulnerable because of their eagerness to please others and a desire to avoid confrontation from those in authority.
what else could affect false confessions?
age as someone may be more intiidated and compliant if they are younger or elderly
how does psychological disorders affect false confessions?
they are more susceptible to making false confessions due to distorted memories ad perceptions.
Redlich (2007) reported offenders with mental illness self reported a 22% lifetime false confession rate.
what is the birmingham 6 case?
had false confessions in the IRA bombing in Birmingham and wrongfully convicted , they were overturned as 4/6 of them had forced confessions
what are the 4 factors surrounding a confession that Gudjonsson argues need to be investigated to find out if a confession has been produced through coercion?
The defendant: s often come from the very young, very old,low IQ of mental disorder sufferers
The arrest: Suspects arrested suddenly or in middle of the night or interrogated for long periods of time more likely to make false confessions.
Mental/Physical state: if suspect is stressed, ill, intoxicated etc
The interrogation: Coercive, biased or leading interview tactics can encourage vulnerable suspects to make false confessions.
what is the main way evidence is colected from wotnesses?
standard interview that involves rapid fire questions and frequent interruptions
what is the biggest limitation of the standard interview?
it is far standardised (consistent)
Memon & Higham recommend against using the Standard interview.
grant?
Found the more meaningful the material the more likely it is to be remembered.
