AREA-1 Flashcards
Any physical soil manipulation which changes the structure of the soil, kills weeds, and rearranges dead plant materials.
Tillage
Designed to plant seeds continuously in rows with row spacing greater than 36 cm.
Row-crop drill planter
Designed to plant one or more seeds or plants in rows and in hills.
Hill-drop planter
Planters designed to plant seeds or plants in patterns which do not allow subsequent entry of machinery.
Solid planters
A criterion that is well accepted in computing the pump capacity.
the crop’s highest daily water requirement
According to the National Irrigation Administration (NIA), the water requirement for rice production is
10 mm/day
Placement of a single seed in a hill within the row at a uniform depth and at a uniform environment for germination of each seed.
Precision planting
The planting of rice seeds on dry land or on saturated soil without covering the seed with water or mud.
Aerobic seeding
Similar to aerobic seeding except that it is carried out on land that has not been puddled.
Dryland seeding
Ratio of the grain mass to the mass of non-grain material.
Grain/non-grain ratio
The rate at which grain or seed is delivered to the threshing cylinder by the combine header or by the manual feeder in the axial-flow thresher.
Grain feed rate
The sum of the non-grain feed rate and the grain feed rate.
Total feed rate
Threshed grain or seed that are included in the straw and discharged from the rear of the machine.
Walker loss
Unthreshed grain coming out from the straw rack or in the cleaning shoe.
Cylinder loss
Threshed seed or grain discharge over the rear of the cleaning shoe.
Shoe loss
Consist of unthreshed grains and the panicle materials to which they are attached.
Tailings
The optimum range of moisture content of palay for harvesting is
21% (dry season) to 24% (rainy season)
The angle between the horizontal diameter of the disk face and the direction of travel and is normally ___ to ____.
42 to 45 degrees (disk angle)
The angle that the disk is tilted backwards from the vertical usually at an angle from ___ to ___.
15 to 25 degrees (tilt angle)
Reciprocal of the radius of curvature of the disk.
Concavity of a disk.
In seeding, the recommended proper placement of the seed and fertilizer in the soil:
Depth of placement - 2 to 3 cm from the soil surface.
Soil compaction - soil on top is loose, compact around the seed, and slightly compact at the bottom of the seed.
Fertilizer placement - 5 cm to the side and 5 cm deep.
Seeding or planting placed at the bottom or furrow
Furrow planting
Seed or plant placed on flat or level surface
Flat planting
One row is planted on the ridge of the furrow.
Bed planting
Two or more rows are planted on the broad bed top.
Broad bed planting
Employed mostly for front-mounted cultivators where raising and lowering of the gang or tool bar result in equal changes in the depths of all shovels and does not change the pitch of the shovels.
Parallel link hitches
Rear-mounted with 4 categories with dimensions corresponding to the different ranges of maximum drawbar power.
Three-point hitch converging link type
A type of restrained link system in which the depth is automatically adjusted to maintain a pre-selected, constant draft
Automatic draft control
A fixed cost if the machine life is determined by obsolescence or if the machine is assumed to have a life span or fully depreciated before it wears out.
Depreciation
Estimated arbitrarily by estimate of years to obsolescence or years to wear out.
Machine life
Reflects the prevailing interest rates. The interest cost reflects the opportunities foregone for other financial investment with that money because it has been tied up in the purchase of the machine
Interest on investment
Repair cost is estimated as ___% of the initial cost.
15
Modern method of leveling land using the straightness and non-spreading properties of laser beam to indicate the elevation of an object relative to a benchmark.
Laser leveling
Connected at a single hitch point and pulled by the power unit without any other support from it.
Pull-type or trailed implement
Attached to the tractor through a hitch linkage, normally by the standard 3-point hitch and is completely supported by the tractor when in raised position.
Mounted implement
Attached to the tractor through a horizontal or nearly horizontal hinge axis and is only partially and never completely supported by the tractor.
Semi-mounted implement
Has its own built-in propelling power unit
Self-propelled machine
Length of time it takes to recover the investment or until the net benefits equal the investment cost.
Payback period (PBP)
Level of operation where the investment neither produces a profit nor incurs a loss.
Break-even point (BEP)
The time value of money is taken into consideration through the process called discounting.
Discounted measure
Ratio of the present worth of the benefit stream over the present worth of cost stream extending over a period of time usually the life of the machine.
Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR). Decision rule is to accept projects with BCR >/= 1.
The difference of the present value of the benefit stream and the present value of the cost stream extending over a period of time usually the life of the machine.
Net Present Value (NPV). The decision rule is to accept projects with NPV >/= 0.
The maximum interest rate the project can pay for the use of money if the project is to break-even.
Internal Rate of Return (IRR). At this point, the NPV = 0 and BCR = 1. The decision rule that the IRR of the project should be higher than the prevailing interest rate of the bank.
Application, use and management of various agricultural machines, tools and equipment used for production and post- production operations.
Agricultural machinery
Machinery and equipment for the production, harvesting, processing, storage, manufacture, transportation and distribution of agricultural and fishery products.
Agricultural and fisheries machinery
Utilization of hand tools, implements for draft animals, and mechanically-powered machines for agricultural land development, production, harvesting and on-farm processing.
Agricultural mechanization
A 9:1 mixture of unleaded gasoline and alcohol is called as
gasohol
A device that collects solar radiant energy and transform it to some other useful form of energy.
Solar collector
A device used to convert solar energy directly to electricity.
Photovoltaic cell
Amount of solar energy received per unit time on a unit area of surface perpendicular to the radiation and at outer limit of earth atmosphere when the earth is at mean distance from the sun.
Solar constant (1353 W/m2)
The solar radiation received by the earth’s atmosphere without having been deflected/intercepted or absorbed by the atmosphere.
Direct radiation (1000 W/m2)
With more than 32 hp engine.
Standard class tractor
With 32 hp or less engine.
Compact class tractor
Transmit power from the flywheel, absorbs impact load, for gradual application of load to engine, permits the change in gear without stopping the engine.
Clutch
Supply different speed and direction of travel, supply the needed torque for different work applications.
Gear box
Supply different speeds for ground wheels when turning. It also functions as second speed reduction point in the power train.
Differential
Used to reduce the speed or stop the tractor
Brake system
Provides space in w/c the piston operates.
Cylinder and cylinder block
Provides pocket or space above the cylinder and piston known as combustion chamber.
Cylinder head
A device that is used to draw in fuel, compress, and receive the power impulse of the expanding gas.
Piston and piston rings
Are used to retain compression and reduce wall contact to a minimum.
Piston rings.
Tubular steel w/c attaches the piston to the upper end of the connecting rod.
Piston pin
Transmit the power received from the piston to the crankshaft.
Connecting rod
Receives the power from the connecting rod and transforms the reciprocating motion of the piston into rotary motion.
Crankshaft
Acts as balance wheel to make the engine turn evenly.
Flywheel
Supports and encloses the crankshaft and camshaft and provides a reservoir for lubricating oil.
Crankcase
Provides the engine with openings or gates for the entry of fresh fuel and air, exhaust of the products of combustion.
Valve system
Provides for uninterrupted supply of clean and combustible mixture of fuel and air.
Fuel supply system
Provides for the supply of low and high voltage electricity needed to operate the spark plugs and produce combustion.
Ignition and electrical system
Maintains engine’s operating temperature, it also assists in the rapid engine warm up.
Cooling system
Reduce friction and wear on moving engine parts.
Lubricating system
Maintains engine speed and power at any operating condition.
Governing system
Mixture of fuel when the air is more than what is desired.
Lean mixture (ex. 18:1)
Mixture of fuel when air is less than what is desired.
Rich mixture (ex. 10:1)
Anti-knock quality of gasoline determined by comparing it with standard reference fuel.
Octane rating. (Isooctane + heptane)
Ignition quality of diesel fuel determined by comparing it with standard reference fuel.
Cetane rating (cetane + aphamethylnapthalene)
A device added to the exhaust system to reduce hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide pollutants in the exhaust gas.
Catalytic converter
A device that forces more air or fuel mixture into the cylinder than would be drawn under normal condition, thus increasing the volumetric efficiency and power output of the engine.
Turbocharger/supercharger
Seek to limit the vehicle’s toxic gas in hope to attain a cleaner, breathable air.
Euro emission standard
A type of cell that is when fully discharged or dead, can only be restored to its original condition by renewing the materials that had been so changed.
Primary cell
A type of cell that can be restored to its original condition by sending and electric current through it in the direction opposite to that of discharge.
Secondary cell
A type of battery commonly used on tractors.
Lead acid battery (2 volts/cell. 2.2 volts max’m)
Solution used on lead acid batteries. It consists of 2 parts sulfuric acid.
Electrolyte
Most common type of battery trouble. It is the formation of lead sulfate at the bottom of the container due to delayed charging.
Sulfation
Ignition voltage requirement.
25,000 to 40,000 volts
A type of spark plug used on high compression, high speed engines with short heat path for quick heat dissipation.
Cold plug
A device connected to the ignition that eliminates arcing of the breaker points.
Condenser/capacitor
A device necessary in multi-cylinder ignition system to distribute the secondary voltage to each spark plug.
Distributor
A heat sensitive device installed along the flow of coolant. It restricts the flow of coolant depending on water temperature.
Thermostat
A semi solid or non-flowing lubricant used on wheel bearings, universal joints, and shackles.
Grease
Relatively thin, free flowing oil for engines.
Motor oil
Heavier, high viscosity oil for transmission gears and bearings.
Gear oil
Most important quality of lubricating oil
Viscosity
Viscosity number for lubricating oils.
SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers)
Oils with viscosity classification numbers for winter and summer use.
Multi-grade oil (SAE 15W-40)
API stands for?
American Petroleum Institute
ASTM stands for?
American Society for Testing Materials
Oil classification to provide specific quality of oil for different types of engines, various conditions under which engines are operated, and kind and quality of fuel used.
API Engine Oil Service Classification
Chemicals added to oil that improve its lubricating properties.
Oil additives
Non-naturally occurring product made by chemical reaction of two or more simpler chemical compounds.
Synthetic lubricant
The uneven or irregular speed of the engine caused by the governor, quick speed and sudden drop in engine speed.
Governor Hunting
The mechanical injection of each fuel charge into the hot compressed air.
Direct or solid injection
Used on modern high speed automotive diesel engines
CRDI (Common rail direct injection)
Cold weather starting aid. Electrically operated heater placed in the intake manifold or pre-combustion chamber.
Glow plugs
Sum of incremental elongation
True Strain
Property of the material that enables it to resist permanent deformation, penetration, indenction.
Hardness
Property of a material that enables it to be drawn out or elongated to an appreciable extent before rupture occurs.
Ductility
Special case of ductility where it can be rolled into thin sheets.
Malleability
Opposite of ductility. Little deformation before fracture and failure suddenly occurs without any warning.
Brittleness
Property of a material that enables it to resist shock and impact by storing energy.
Resilience
Capacity of a material to absorb energy without fracture.
Toughness
When a member is subjected to a constant load over a long period of time it undergoes a slow permanent deformation, and this is termed as?
Creep
Practice of planting short-term annual crop with long-term annual or biennial crop.
a. Inter-planting
b. Inter-cropping
c. Inter-culture
d. AOTA
a. Inter-planting
Practice of growing more than one crop on the same land in one year.
a. Mixed crop
b. Multiple cropping
c. Inter-cropping
d. NOTA
b. Multiple cropping
Practice of growing two or more crops simultaneously and intermingled with no row arrangement.
a. Mixed cropping
b. Inter cropping
c. Multiple cropping
d. NOTA
a. Mixed cropping
Practice of growing two or more crops in alternate rows.
a. Inter-planting
b. Inter-cropping
c. Inter-culture
d. AOTA
b. Inter-cropping
Practice of cultivating one crop underneath a perennial crop.
a. Inter-planting
b. Inter-cropping
c. Inter-culture
d. AOTA
c. Inter-culture
Mechanical manipulation of soil for any desired purpose
a. Land grading
b. Tillage
c. Earth moving
d. NOTA
b. Tillage
General fragmentation of soil mass resulting from the action of tillage forces.
a. Soil reaction
b. Soil shatter
c. Soil sliding
d. NOTA
b. Soil shatter
Which of the following is not basic to tillage operation?
a. Reduction of volume of the soil
b. Cutting of soil
c. Deformation of soil mass
d. NOTA
d. NOTA
Operation that constitutes the initial major soil working operation.
a. Primary tillage
b. Secondary tillage
c. AOTA
d. NOTA
a. Primary tillage
Operation intended to create refined soil conditions.
a. Primary tillage
b. Secondary tillage
c. AOTA
d. NOTA
b. Secondary tillage
Primary tillage operation includes:
a. pulverizing
b. mulching
c. plowing
d. AOTA
c. plowing
Secondary tillage operation includes:
a. listing
b. subsoiling
c. harrowing
d. AOTA
c. harrowing
Tillage operation traditionally performed in preparing seedbeds for a given crop commonly grown in a given geographical area.
a. Conventional tillage
b. Conservation tillage
c. Strip tillage
d. NOTA
a. Conventional tillage
Primary tillage operation that manipulates the soil to a depth greater than 300 mm.
a. Reservoir tillage
b. Deep tillage
c. Ridge tillage
d. NOTA
b. Deep tillage
Minimum soil manipulation necessary for crop production or for meeting tillage requirements under existing soil condition.
a. No-tillage planting
b. mulch tillage
c. minimum tillage
d. NOTA
c. minimum tillage
